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The Great Harbour of Tara

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TitleThe Great Harbour of Tara: traditional Maori place names and sites of Wellington Harbour and environs Author/ContributorGeorge Leslie Adkin (1888 - 1964)PublisherWhitcombe & Tombs LtdDate Published1959Place of publicationWellingtonContents

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Note that the regional maps which appear on pages 126 to 132 of this digitised version were originally printed over several pages. These maps have now been spliced together without breaks between them. We suggest that these large maps are viewed by clicking on the "Zoom to 100%" icon (above the magnifying glass sliding scale). As the book was published before the introduction of the metric system in New Zealand, the heights of all hills are recorded in feet.

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Holding InstitutionWellington City Libraries Institution CollectionMaoriCall NumberNZ 919.3141 ADKAccess to originalKept at desk

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	TEE GREAT HARBOLWKCE‘TARA Traditional Maori Place-names and Sites of Wellington Harbour and Environs A Revision by G. LESLIE ADK[...]
	[...]ES WITH THEIR MAORI 107 EQUIVALENTS 4. AREA MAPS OF WELLINGTON HARBOUR DISTRICT 109 5. BIBLIOGRAPHY 129 Index I 33
	[...]gi island (restored form) 18 FIG. 2 The Evolution of Miramar Peninsula (Whataitai) 19 FIG. 3 Sketch map of sites offering fortiﬁed positions at Tarakena b[...]109 NOTE on division ofthe maps 110 I. WELLINGTON HARBOUR AND SHORES 111—3 11. MIRAMAR PENINSULA 114—5 III. ISLAND BAY TO LAMBTON HARBOUR 117—9 IV. KARORI TO KAIWHARAWHARA 120—1 V. CE[...]om 40,000 ft above Cook Strait 4 2. Surroundings of the southern part of Te Whanganui-a— Tara (Wellington Harbour) 5 33. South Coast of Wellington, looking west along Coo/c Strai[...]
	[...]The earliest published detailed ethnological map of part of the Wellington City district (McLeod, 1907) Kohangatera the second lagoon east of Pencarrow Head Site of Opuawe, the former Te Atiawa village on the Karor[...]omes Island) from Maharo (Ward Island) Wellington Harbour . Island Bay, Wellington, showing Taputer[...]
	Foreword A knowledge of the geography of any region is a distinct asset in these days of constant recreational travelling to and fro, and without such information much of this mobile activity becomes meaningless and without profit. Place—names, especially the heritage of Maori place-names, and their correct application[...]n that field—notably the intelligent assessment of and often adroit naming of landscape features—-— form a comprehensive and agreeable basis for the geographical nomenclature of the New Zealand of today. Despite the lamentable fact that some of the original great mass of Maori geographical lore has been forgotten and is[...]ate. The Wellington City district with its grand harbour, its hills, rivers, and valleys, together with the array of lesser topographic details, has a rich endowment of Maori place—names and sites, and it is the purpose of this volume to present what is known in systemati[...]journals, period- icals, and books in which much of the information originally appeared but through w[...]scattered, are now rare and beyond the resources of the majority. These older pub— lications are to be found in the larger public libraries but the nature of the information is such that a primary need is the pos— session of a handbook constantly available for quick[...]
	[...]use the aerial photograph (reproduced as Plate 1) of the south-western part of the North Island from Wellington to beyond Kapiti island. The View was taken from an altitude of 40,000 feet above Cook Strait (Raukawa) by Squadr[...]t has provided an ideal medium for depicting most of the territory dealt with herein and for indicating Visually, with annotations, the positions of a selection of the Maori place— names and sites. Acknowledgme[...]made to The Evening Post, Wellington, for the use of the photograph reproduced as Plate 2, and to the Alexander Turnbull Library for the early View of Karaka Bay (Plate 8b).
	I. The Territory and its Inhabitants HE story of the Maori occupation of the Wellington area is a lengthy one and one of great variety and adventure. For a proper understanding, such a story is largely dependent on a knowledge of the native names of geographical features and the names and location of former places of occupation—the forti— fied pa, principally used in warfare, the open villages (kainga) of times of peace, the cultivations, and the old—time ﬁshing and fowling camps of the area. For many hundreds of years a suc— cession of tribes of former Polynesian inhabitants have come and gone—a succession of peoples seeking a secure and provident home, and ﬁnding it here in the attractive primeval environment of a great stretch of inland seascape enclosed by a broad frame of wild forested hills watered by systems of perennial rivers and streams of unsurpassed purity. Flat land and low rolling country was scattered and of limited extent but was sufﬁcient to provide for[...]the succulent root (aruhe)—a staple food. Birds of the bush and waterfowl of lagoon, river, and coastline far exceeded the needs of the times. Sea and shore yielded many species of edible fish and shell—fish, easily available to[...]aft and skill in ﬁshing and the ample knowledge of fishery— lore inherited from long lines of Oceanic ancestry. The land—locked and relatively sheltered waters of the harbour as well as two navigable rivers gave canoe—fashioning peoples ready access to all quarters of the area. Thus most hinterland tracts could readi[...]the more easily accessible and desirable portions of the outer coasts, providing useful links with the open sea for the interior centres of occupation. For primitive peoples the ter[...]
	2 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA rendered its possession eminently desirable, and[...]y form a necessary background for the visualizing of any account of the locations and progress of past events and human activities in any region, b[...]ndividualize the physical and cultural components of a ter— ritory already adorned by the lavish hand of Nature. A hill, a stream, a bay, may be merely one of many such, blended and lost in the geographical pattern of the landscape. But given a name, as the old-time[...]ature stands forth and forms a mark and indicator of the venue of events and the location of human works, operations, and habitual employment. The propensity of the Maori people to bestow names on geographical[...]on are common; many place-names are commemorative of persons or events; some names may be obscure from[...]size trivialities when considered from that point of View, but in comparison with pakeha standards in[...]re, the Maori names frequently show a high degree of imagination, in- sight, and aptness. The principal basis for the eventual preservation of the Maori place-names and of the localities and descriptions of the pa and kainga and their appurtenances of former days in the Wellington City area and its environs, is the work of Elsdon Best. Without his remarkable account entitled ‘The Land of Tara,’ in which he brought his years of research on the area into ﬁnalized form, information of the local place—names would have been meagre in[...]nd A. P. Godber, as well as many esteemed members of the Maori people resident within the area. To the last named may be given the credit of supplying the greater number of the names collected and recorded.
	THE TERRITORY AND ITS INHABITANTS 3 Elsdon Best’s data of the Wellington area were chronicled in the volumes of the journal of the Polynesian Society and in those of the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute: the final com— pilat[...]d costly. A map, traced from the old Counties Map of Hutt and Maleara, scale one inch to a mile, with[...]collabora— tion with the New Zealand Department of Lands and Survey, Wellington, who published it in November 1916 under the title of Wellington Country District shewing Native Names.[...]r consequent ﬁne and faithful details, the maps of those days were crude and generalized, hence the impossibility at that time of plotting many of the sites with adequate accuracy. Copies of this map on a reduced scale were published in sub[...]emonstrable errors) in his History and Traditions of the Taranalei Coast, Map No. 6, 1910; and by Loui[...]in Early Wellington (n.d., published 1929). Some of S. Percy Smith’s amendments and alternative place—name forms seem to be of less authoritative status than those given by Bes[...]stances achieve complete accuracy in the location of sites or the spelling of names. S. Percy Smith’s contribution to the record of the Maori place— names of Wellington may be found in his Taranalei Coast, p[...], but the references are incidental to an account of the history of the tribes occupying the extended area from Mokau[...]ntion. An interesting contribution to the record of the old sites, the place—names, and the location of finds of artifacts and other relics of past native cultures of the Miramar portion of Wellington is a pictorial post card compiled by H[...]r McLeod and Company, Wellington) in 1907. A copy of this now rare mailing card (Plate 5) is in the possession of Mr W. Phillipps, of the Dominion Museum, to
	Te Whanga-nui-a-Tara Maori Sites and Place-names KEY TO NUMBERS O[...]nd 2. Kenakena foreland 3. Mana island 4. Porirua harbour 5. Opau 6. Owhariu area 7. Takarau (Owhariu Stre[...]and) 29. Whiorau (Lowry Bay) 30. Te Whanganui a Tara (Wellington Harbour) 31. Oruamotoro (Days Bay) 32. Matua iwi pa (Eas[...]Strait) 61 Hwtu: 1(.N.Z.A.F. 1. TE WHANGANUI-A-TARA [TE WHANGANUI A TARA] (WELLINGTON HARBOUR) FROM 40,000 FT (See Key to rzmnbering of Maori sites onfczting page)
	Photo: Eveling Pox! 2. SURROUNDINGS OF THE SOUTHERN PART OF TE WHANGA—NUT—A—TARA (WELLINGTON HARBOUR). In background, Renm—taka (the Rimuta/[...]
	[...]whom the present writer is indebted for the loan of it to supply additional data for the present work. The design of the card is a map of Miramar as a centrepiece showing places, sites, and ﬁnds of relics of Maori times, supple— mented by detailed notes and by eight miniature pictorial insets of bygone high lights of the area covered by the map. A number of errors have crept in regarding the spelling of names and the exact siting of some of the former pa and other features, but the whole forms a pleasing and popular exposition of part of the older history and occupational features of the Wellington district. The card also achieves the distinction of being the earliest pub— lished ethnological map of portion ofof the present compilation. The traditional record of the naming of places in the Welling— ton area—at first mainly geographical but later including places of occupation and fully established strongholds and villages—— goes back to the time of Kupe. For present purposes, to avoid the introduction of controversial matters*, Kupe may be re— garded[...]s him with actually discovering these islands and of ‘cutting them in twain’T, which is a mythopoetical way of recording his passage through Cook Strait (Raukaw[...]e scene under present consideration —Wellington Harbour—and inaugurated the practice of bestow— ing names on such of the landscape features as caught his fancy or imp[...]apa, and Pari— Whero nearby); onward to Porirua Harbour (Pari—rua), and Mana Island (Te Mana—o[...]
	6 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA the prow of his canoe southward, crossed Cook Strait (Raukawa) and reached Arahura on the West Coast of the South Island (Te Wai—pounamu). The time factor in the duration of Kupe’s visit to our harbour is a matter open for thoughtful consideration; his sojourn may not have been so ﬂeeting or so barren of lasting issue as the tradi— tion, as usually gi[...]lington area for as long a period as in any other of the places he visited, if not longer. It is impra[...]suppose that his canoe, even if a double one and of large size, carried sufficient supplies to cover a long ocean voyage without replenishment. The passage of time would be of little concern in an adventure of the kind involved, and the renewal of his food store would necessitate lengthy periods for the gathering of natural food— stuffs, if not for the actual growing of domestic crops. The prep— aration of dried foods, Whether gathered or grown, such as w[...]To picture Kupe’s visit to Te Whanga-nui—a—Tara (as named later) as a matter of a few weeks or even months is obviously untenable[...]point to the same conclusion. The main— tenance of the canoe by recaulking the hull and renewing the[...]y progress than tradition suggests. The necessity of restoring the physical con— dition of the crew after a long and arduous voyage, by adequate periods of sojourn on shore, is still another reason for delay, in contrast with the continuous and rapid journeys of modern times and conditions. Hence there may have been a hiving off of at least some small family groups from the natural increase of the canoe’s company, who could have remained in[...]his time to permanently occupy it, was the Ngai—Tara. This was a later branch or offshoot, together with the Rangitane, of Te
	[...]ITS INHABITANTS ’7 Tini—o-Toi (‘the myriad of Toi’), from Toi—kai—rakau, through Whatonga, famed grandson of Toi, whose company intermarried with the people found resident in the Bay of Plenty district. From Whakatane, Whatonga later s[...]Pen— insula, and from there sent his two sons, Tara and Tautoki, on an exploring expedition to seek new living space. They came to the harbour (now Wellington) at the head of The Fish of Maui, found it good, returned to report the disco[...]bsequently settled there. From then on the naming of the landscape features proceeded apace, and the harbour received its famous name. The route of the preliminary exploratory expedition by Tara and Tautoki to what they described to their fathe[...]on their return to Mahia as ‘the very nostrils of the island (Te Ika—a—Maui),’ is recorded by[...]ave good harbourage for canoes 011 a long stretch of open coast), to Okoriwa (at outlet of Onoke, Palliser Bay), to Para—iigarehu (in Fitz[...]ng, entered a deep, island-studded, land—locked harbour (now Wellington). The harbour and its features, including the lower end of the Hutt valley, seem to have been fully and care— fully examined before the journcy was resumed. Instead of returning by their outward course, they proceeded up the west— ern coast: to Porirua harbour and to the Rangitikei river. There the sea was le[...]ributary, the Hautapu, to the open tussock plains of [Inland] Patea. Further progress was made over—[...]ungaharuru Range), returning to Nukutaurua by way of Mohaka and Te Wairoa. This circuitous journey (which was quite practicable, the interior portions of the route indicated now being traversed by modern[...]I) the rapid growth in those early times not only of a remarkable compre- hension of the total geographical layout of the country but also * Numbers in parenth[...]
	8 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA a very thorough knowledge of its surface features and of the necessary directional bearings from place to place; and (2) the existence and recognition of major cross—country routes to de- sired objecti[...]e or less direct courses as governed by selection of reasonably traversable terrain, and apparently involving the abandonment of canoes used in the preceding sea and river portions of the journey. The Ngai—Tara apparently excelled at earthworks in pa con- stru[...]in Aotearoa to have done so. The principal Ngai—Tara pa in the Te Whanga—nui—a—Tara area are six in number: Te Whetu—kai—rangi, T[...]rewa, Te Wai-hirere, Rangitatau, and Poito. Three of these are located in positions not yet encroached[...]e dis— tinctly seen despite the erosive effects of 700 years (8, Pt. 2. p. 3) of rain, Wind, and sleet in ‘the funnel of the Paciﬁc’—Cook Strait. The succession of peoples to occupy the Wellington area varies some[...]d by Best (6, p. 109) as the earliest inhabitants of the Wellington area, and con- ﬁrmed by archaeo[...]l, with some archaeological evid— ence. NGAI—TARA: related to Te Tini—o—Toi and to the Rangitane. NGATI—MAMOE: a section of the early people encountered in the North Island by Toi, and who later occupied part of the Ngai—Tara territory at Te Whanga—nui—a—Tara (6, p. 120). NGAI—TAHU: an early section of Ngati—Kahungunu. Best’s early ﬁndings based on traditional information were, in the light of recent archaeological data, remarkably near the t[...]s became corrupted by the Te Matorohanga version of the earlier peoples inhabiting Aotearoa (N[...]
	[...]rict; the latter were dominant in the Wellington Harbour area at the time of the European advent. It will be seen from the foregoing that the place—names of the Wellington district are of very varied tribal origin. Each of the successive groups of inhabitants left a legacy of names and some from each source have survived. An outstanding problem, of course, is by what means the names given by vanqu[...]aced former tribal groups, especially the earlier of them, were known to and were preserved by the suc[...]It may be that right through the extended period of occupation residues of captured women, espoused by the conquerors, trans[...]their progeny, and by this means the older names, of places and events, were preserved for posterity. The following catalogue of place—names and sites (Section 2), as already stated, is based on the work of Best and others, revised and augmented in the light of subsequent information and re- search, and with the invaluable help afforded by modern maps. A number of names and sites, the positions of which had not previously been ﬁxed, have now be[...]an entirely exhaustive com- pilation. The limits of the area treated may be taken to extend to Colonial Knob in the north—west, to the vicinity of Upper Hutt in the Hutt Valley, thence across to the crest-line of the Rimutaka Range, from Papatahi peak to Cape Turakirae as the eastern boundary; the waters of Cook Strait, the age—long ﬁshing grounds of all the successive peoples, complete the circuit.
	[...]named for a dramatic incident on the tiny island of Manono lying between Savaii and Upolu in Samoa.[...]cated] at or near the spot Where the present town of Lower Hutt now stands, and near where the soldier[...]mond with Te Ahi—o-Manono a little to the north of it and between the fort and Makahi—nuku [Marae—nuka][Maraenuku]pa of Taringa—kuri. Taringakuri]. This puts the former Village immediately at the rear of the present Lower Hutt Post Ofﬁce, and within a bend of the old course of the river (see Map VII). A full account of the traditional incident originating the Hutt Val[...]alley site: ‘ . . . Te Ahi-o—Manono, the site of the old—time Maori Village in the Hutt Valley, Wellington, on the bank of the Heretaunga [Hutt]river, a short distance above the present town of Lower Hutt.The name means “The Fire of Manono,” a reference to the ngakinga o te mate, the deed of avengement in coral lands seven centuries ago.’[...]s 19I6 map (13) shows it half a mile north—west of Pito—one pa, and on the hills on the northern side of Korokoro Stream. No clue is given by Best whethe[...]icle Te (the) are listed under the initial letter of the next component of the name. T Square brackets [ ] indicate[...]
	THE PLACE—NAMES AND SITES II or a site of human origin, without which information no precise determination of location can be made. Only one possibility presents itself: Te Ahi—parera [Ahi Parera} could be the name of the old earth— works pa known to Elsdon Best (6, p. 148) as located on a spur up the rugged gully of the Korokoro Stream and apparently close to where[...]present writer failed, however, to find any trace of earth—works so no link can yet be assumed between the name and the reported site. Approximate position of Te Ahi—parera [Ahi Parera] is shown on Map VII. Ahu-mairangi [Ahumairangi}ridge. The original name of ‘Tinakori Ridge’ (8, Pt. 5, p. 169), or more[...]m Wadestown to Northland suburb. The highest part of this hill—ridge is from 800 ft. to 985 ft. above sea—level. The derivation of the modern name, Tina—kore, [Tinakore] is well[...]. L. Irvine Smith in her book on the street names of Wellington City (49, p. 83). The signiﬁcance of the original name is not known and speculation co[...]rewa [Akatarewa] pa. ‘The old stockaded village of N gai-Tara [Ngai Tara] on Mt Alfred, a secondary peak of Te Ranga—a—Hiwi [Ranga a Hiwi] ridge above [W[...]llege’ (8, Pt. 5, p. 171). Mt Alfred, the site of this ancient pa (of which no trace now remains), is a low rounded summit 530 ft above sea-level, 55 chains south-west of Mt Victoria. Position shown on Maps I, III. Te Akau—tangi [Akautangi] shore (of Evans Bay). The former shoreline, prior to the reclamation to form Kilbirnie Recreation Ground, at the foot of the bluff above the eastern end of the present Wellington Road (8, Pt. 5, p. 172), a[...]Kilbirnie Crescent. On the older Admiralty chart of Port Nicholson (Wellington Harbour), the main beach at the head of Evans Bay is marked as being named Tangi—akau [[...]nga-hakau, Tangihakau}, but these are corruptions of the correct name and a partial misplacement of its true location. The name, Te Akau-tangi, can[...]e mur— murous or resounding shore,’ the tangi of the waves thereon. Shown on Map III.
	12 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA Akau—tangi [Akautangi] pa. A pa—site marked[...]16 map (13) on approximately the present junction of Vallance Street with Kilbirnie Crescent on the th[...]shown by Best, or whether he himself found traces of an old pa in the vicinity and appropriated the na[...]it was in some secluded corner in the lower part of the valley or near the mouth of the river. The name could indicate that the cave was a very wet one, due to the seepage of ground water. Te Ana—o-Kahungunu (cave). ‘Th[...]nnel on [Nga Mokopuna] islet off the northern end of Somes Island’ (8, Pt. 5, p. 166). Its position[...]16 map (13). Kahungunu was the eponymous ancestor of Ngati—Kahungunu [Ngati Kahungunu] tribe of Wairarapa, sections of whom formerly raided and occupied parts of the Wellington area. The name of this tunnel—cave is a commemorative one, given by descendants of Kahungunu. Position shown on Map I. Te Ana-puta [Anaputa](cave). ‘On Section 16 [on northwest coast of harbour] south of Wai—hinahina [Waihinahina] [stream—now Horoki[...]nds were thought to be caused or made by spirits [of the dead]’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 168). This place was at or in the more northerly of the two ‘bights’ (or concavities) in the stee[...]d (and in the contiguous shoreline), a mile south of the Horokiwi Quarries. Shown on Maps I, VI.
	[...]t’s 1916 map on the outer coast two miles north of Ngutu—kaka [Ngutukaka], the old village at Pipinui Point. It may have been a means of descent of the coastal cliffs at this place, if the name mea[...]or vine aids for descent and ascent were formerly of frequent occurrence along the precipitous banks of the Whanganui river, and a similar device may hav[...]ion shown on Map VI. Te Arei kainga. ‘A hamlet of the Ngati—Tama [Ngati Tama] clan [hapu] [located] on a hill east of [Makara] stream and some distance from [its mouth[...]till known as Te Aro; it formed the northern part of the Huriwhenua area (g.v.) (8, Pt. 5, p. 170). A kainga called Te Aro was located near the beach of the harbour at the eastern side of the mouth of the Waimapihi stream (ibid, pp. 170-1), north of the eastern end of what is now Manners Street; this was close to the present position of the Levy Building. Shown on Maps III, IV. Te Aro[...]o, Aro Street,later formed along the upper course of the same stream. But the original and proper name of this stream was Wai-mapihi, [Waimapihi] i.e.,‘the stream (or bathing place) of Mapihi, a chieftainess of Ngai—Tara [Ngai Tara] and Ngati—Mamoe [Ngati Mamoe]; incorporating a[...]i]. The name Te Aro for this stream is therefore ofof Kupe,’ and its variant, Te Ure—o—Kupe, which indicates the place of his injury. S. Percy Smith, on his Map No[...]
	I4. THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA has attached the latter variant of this place—name to Barrett Reef, but this is in[...]sumably following Smith, fell into the same error of locating this rock at Barrett Reef, though the la[...]rom North Taranaki), to enter and take possession of Wellington Harbour and its surrounding lands. They were in occupation at the time of the British settlers sponsored by the New Zealand Company, and sold much of their lands to the newcomers. Te Ati—Awa were[...]Ngati—Awa, [Ngati Awa]which was the tribal name of the parent tribe whose lands were located in the Bay of Plenty district. Sections ofof Wellington harbour. The name means ‘the current, or, great current of Tane.’ The legendary origin of the main channel was that it was forced by a tani[...]Lyall bays but failed, and then assumed the form of a bird and flew to the top of Mt Victoria (cf, Tangi—te—keo). Shown on Maps[...]channel). The former second entrance to ellington Harbour across which is now the Kilbirnie isthmus. It was finally closed, according to tradition, by a great earthquake called Hao—whenua [Haowhenua], which occurred in the time of Te Ao—haere—tahi, a descendant of Tara: Tara Wakanui Turia: Hine-matua Te Ao—hacre—tahi
	THE PLACE-NAMES AND SITES 15 The time of this earthquake is given by Best as 18 generation[...]ogical evidence gives ample support for an uplift of the area with accompanying major earthquake (and[...]with such a date. The name means ‘the channel of Taia’ (8, Pt. 3, p. 60). The position of this former feature is shown on Maps I, II, III, and a restoration of it on map, Fig. I. Te Awa-iti [Awaiti] stream an[...]located. Two small streams occur on this length of former harbour coast. That on the south side of the Aotea Quay—Hutt Road ramp occupies a gully[...]row to permit habitation. The stream to the north of the ramp has a more open gully with a small area of gently sloping ground on its right bank half—wa[...]-kairangi [Awakairangi](river). The original name of the Hutt river, dating from Ngai—Tara [Ngai Tara] times. Later, it was re—named Heretaunga (q.v.[...]uccessively in occupation. For the signiﬁcance of the name, Te Awa—kairangi, [Awakairangi] see un[...]ariki Sheet, N. 164/4, 1942, the precise position of this feature is plainly shown as a short s[...]
	16 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA west of Tongue Point and nearer that point than to the mouth of the Waiariki Stream. This is a good example of how a detailed modern map enables an exact positi[...]brief early description. The draughtsman (Mason) of Best’s 1916 map (13) was apparently unable to ﬁx the position of Te Awa—koria [Awakoria] on it. Position shown[...]u](stream). A former broad spring—fed aﬂluent of the Hutt river (8, Pt. 5, p. 167); its now shrunk[...]watercourse with an abrupt end,’ strong springs of sub-artesian water welling up to form a full—sized but sluggish watercourse. In the early days ofof the original channel is ﬁlled in and built over[...]] Etako, Upper (Mt Wakeﬁeld, 985 ft). The name of the trig station on the highest point of the Tinakori Ridge (originally Ahu—mairangi) [Ahumairangi]. This name was derived from that of the chief, Wi Tako Ngatata, of Te Mako pa, Hutt Valley, the initial ‘e’
	THE PLACE-NAMES AND SITES I7 being the vocative form of part of his name; the more accurate and preferable form w[...]tako, height 418 ft, is located on the south side of the Botanical Gardens (see Maps IV, V). This name for a geographical position is thus of recent usage only. Government House site. See KA[...]he land at its head (13) -In Elsdon Best’s Land of Tara (8, Pt. I, p. I68), this name is mis—spelt Hoew[...]t A.D. I460, and ‘was a severer shock than that of I85 5’ (8, Pt. 5, p. 60). It was the ﬁnal factor in the conversion of Motu—kairangi [Motukairangi](island) into a pen[...]December 1773. Traditionally, this earlier uplift of Wellington Harbour took place in the time of Te Ao—haere—tahi, [Aohaeretahi] 18 generation[...]Best, this earthquake was so named ‘on account of the alteration it caused in the conﬁguration of the land,’ but he records that he viewed this application of the name with suspicion, on the grounds that it implies a destruction of territory rather than the creation of an additional area. However, since there is complete geological evidence of sudden local uplift similar to and preceding that which occurred at the time of the earthquake of I85 5, the traditional record of it seems fully vindicated. The status of Miramar as an island thus terminated, and later i[...]1.12.) (CE, Figs. I and 2) Haowhenua pa. At site of the old barracks on the ridge at the southern end of Somes Island. This was a pa of Ngati—Ira [Ngati Ira](8, Pt. 5, p. 166, and p.[...]ok Strait through a rock—bound cleft at the end of the formed
	[...]Whetu-kai-rangi] [Te Whetukairangi] pa [Te Puna-a-Tara] [Te Poito] [Rangitatau pa] Kai - tawaro [Kaita[...]orm) [Motukairangi], the geographical predecessor of Whataitai or Miramar peninsula.
	[...][Peninsula] FIG. 2.. Stages in the evolution of Whataitai or Miramnr peninsula within the period of human occupation by the process of island—tying: 1, 2, and 3,formation of successive gravel bars: 4,4,4, formation of sand spits, (incipient tombolo) at Kilbirnie and[...]l shoreline at Kilbernie [Kilbirnie] isthmus and of Seatoun ﬂat after uplift of A.D. 1460, but prior to uplift of A.D. 1855 and eventual development of the shore-platforms.
	20 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA road west of Owhiro Bay. The name gives emphasis to the very crooked (nape) course of this stream though it is no more so than several other deeply entrenched watercourses of the area. Shown on Map VI. Te Hapua-o-Rongomai (pool). An old name at the mouth of the Owhiro Stream (8, Pt. 5, p. 5), at Owhiro Bay. This can be no other than the ponded mouth of the Owhiro Stream dammed just before it enters th[...]shingle beach—ridge. The name means ‘the pool of Rongomai.’ Best refers to this spot in his Astronomical Knowledge of the Maori (9, p. 55): ‘At Owhiro, near Island B[...]atural being— Rongomai was the personiﬁcation of a comet or of a meteor], is said to have descended to earth in[...]y natural processes. Many other similar instances of the supernatural infused into Maori place nomenclature could be cited. Shown on Map VI. Harbour, main entrance. See TE AU—A—TANE. Hataitai ([...]i Tahu] people lived at Hataitai until the middle of the 17th century, when they departed to the South[...]st, 6, p. 109). The original and correct spelling of this name is believed to be Whataitai (ibid., p.[...]hataitai (or Hataitai) was the name for the whole of Miramar peninsula and its isthmus as far west as the foot of the hills at the western end of the latter (ibid., p. I36). The map accompanying Best’s account of The Land of Tara, Part 2, showing the name Hataitai (see also, 13) as covering only the western side of Miramar peninsula is only a cartographical shortcoming. The original state of the Hataitai area and the former presence there of the moa and tuatara are described by Best (6, p. 136). The isthmus was sometimes alluded to by the Maori of other days as the kauru(‘head’) of Hataitai (8, Pt. 5, p. I71). Crawford (31, p. 342) refers to the main interior valley of Miramar peninsula as the Hataitai Valley.The name has since been arbitrarily transferred to the section of Wellington City adjacent to the western shore of Evans Bay. Shown on Maps I, II, as Whataitai.
	3a. SOUTH COAST OF WELLINGTON LOOKING WEST FROM RANGITATAU BL[...]
	[...]167). This place was at the sharp eastward bend of the Hutt River now known as Maori Bank, and the o[...]ated on the high—terrace level on the east side of the bend. The name means ‘scented breeze’. The Haukaretu Land—block of about 106 acres is located, however, on low alluvial ﬂats on the west side of the river, and therefore the former kainga, or at[...]e. Haukawakawa ﬂat or terrace. ‘The old name of Thorndon Flat [terrace] about Hobson and Murphy s[...]wai cultivation area. The slopes on the east side of what is now the Basin Reserve from about the position of the main entrance gates to Wellington College to the edge of the former Basin Reserve swamp (8, Pt. 5, p. 163). This was the cultivation area of the Ngati—Hinewai [Ngati Hinewai] hapu of Ngai—Tara [Ngai Taraof the Hutt River (originally, Te Awa—kairangi) [A[...]s party arrived from Heretaunga (Napier) to visit Tara. The relative merits and demerits of Te Whanga—nui—a—Tara [Whanganui-a-Tara] (Wellington Harbour district) and of Here—taunga [Heretaunga] (Hawke’s Bay) were d[...]—kairangi [Awakairangi] be Heretaunga in memory of our discourse”. And such was the origin ofof the territory, in Ngai-Tara [Ngai Tara] times, in honour of their ancestor Orotu. His name had been incorporated in the ancient name for the Inner Harbour of Napier as, Te Whanga—nui—o—Orotu [Whanganui[...]given (apparently by the locally settled section of Ngati—Mamoe) [Ngati Mamoe] to Wellington Harbour. The Heretaunga river is shown on Maps 1, VII. C
	22 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA Hikoikoi pa. ‘A stockaded Ngati-Awa [Ngati Awa] village at the mouth of the Hutt River, western side’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 167). Pu—whakaawe [Puwhakaawe] was the chief of Hikoikoi pa (A. P. Godber, in 23, p. 22). Shown[...]hina]. Hue-te—para [Huetepara] beach. The name of the concave sweep of the beach at Lyall Bay (13), and shown on Maps 1,[...]Elsdon Best adopted it (on their respective maps of the Wellington area) as correct. H. M. Christie[...](tsunmni) swept over this beach and a large part of Kilbirnie isthmus at the time of the 1855 earthquake and uplift. Hue—te-taka [Huetetaka] peninsula. The small projecting peninsula of raised shore—platform with conspicuous stack rocks and raised shingle beaches, at the eastern head of Lyall Bay. This name makes use of a simile—an apt descriptive comparison of the shape of this peninsula with objects familiar in Maori liv[...]aka [Huatetaka], explained as ‘collecting place of sea—birds’ eggs’ (hua), but the ‘te taka’ part of the name is admitted to be unexplainable in this[...]local meaning. McLeod’s earlier spelling (3 8) of this name was Huetetaki; this, also, is not accep[...]nd S. Percy Smith agree (on their respective maps of the area) on the spelling, Hue—te—taka [Huetetaka], and on the location of this place—name. Shown on accompanying Maps I,[...]on ground). Located ‘immediately above junction of Grant Road and Main [Hutt] Road [at Thornd[...]
	THE PLACE-NAMES AND SITES 23 was apparently the owner of the plot, but the precise vernacular name of it, if it had one, does not seem to have been rec[...]a southerly direction as far back as ‘the base of the Tawatawa ridge’ (Best, 8, Pt. I, p. 163; and Pt. 5, p. 170); it therefore included part of the present Newtown area. Shown on Maps I, III.[...]67). A still earlier name, dating from the times of Tara, was Te Awa—kairangi [Awakairangi] (q.v). Later[...]nga (q.v), which remained in use until the advent of the European settlers, when it became the Hutt. This name was given in honour of Sir William Hutt, organizer, director, and chairman of the New Zealand Company, instrumental in bringing[...](Maori villages) on or near the Hutt River north of the area shown on Map VII, were: Te Horepari (loc[...]ank, Upper Hutt), and Pa—whakataka (at junction of Mangaroa and Hutt rivers) (8, Pt. 5, p. 69). Former anabranches or distributaries of the lower course of the Hutt River (in part ﬂowing underground but[...]ka a Maru bay and pa. A name meaning ‘the ﬁsh of Maru’ (Maru being a lesser Polynesian atua or g[...]in this case, a man), but the true signiﬁcance of the phrase may be idiomatic. The name is attached[...]eneral usage, to a bay on the outer western coast of Wellington Peninsula (Map VI). Best’s 19I6 map[...]earthwork pa or fortiﬁed place in the bay east of Te Rama—a—paku and near McMenamin’s [former[...]ly surrounded by earthwork defences which consist of rampart and
	24 THE GREAT HARBOUR 0F TARA fosse’ (McLeod, in Best, 8, Pt. 6, p. 9), but[...]Tararua Tramper (24, pp. 3—4), the correct name of the bay is Te Kani—a— Maru, ‘the saw of Maru (for cutting up ﬁsh)’, and Te Ika—a—[...]A place on Section I, just west (about 55 chains) of Waiariki Stream; named after a place near Oakura,[...]Ngati-Te Waipango [Ngati Te Waipango] clan [hapu] of Ngati—Awa’ [Ngati Awa] (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 17[...]u]. Kaiota. A place ‘on the hill slope at site of Parliament Library and vicinity’ (Best, 8, Pt.[...]ation. Shown on Maps IV, V. Kaipapa. ‘The site of the present (1917) Vice—Regal residence’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 171). This is located near the end of a low broad spur of the western side of Te Ranga—a—Hiwi ridge, running down towards the head of the former Wai-tangi [Waitangi] stream. The exact nature of the place called Kaipapa has not been recorded, n[...]personal name; according to Best it was the name of a man who was killed there by a shark and is thus commemorative. An alternative name of the point, and so given by S. Percy Smith (51, Ma[...]brave diving’ (for paua and kina"), the hazards of the place being considerable and only atte[...]
	[...]liff salient. Called Clay Point in the early days of the City. Located immediately west of the junction of Willis Street and Lambton Quay. The latter was the former shoreline of the harbour thereabouts and the sea—cut cliff was washed by its waters until the 1855 uplift. It is now an eighth of a mile from the harbour margin, the intervening ground being artificially[...]. Kaiwaka spring. ‘A place on the eastern side of Roto-kura [Rotokura] [or Para lagoon, Miramar] and including a spring at the lower [western] end of Awa Road’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 172). The hillsi[...]erﬂow starts above and crosses the northern end of the present Townsend Road and the lower end of Awa Street nearby, where it can still be seen. The alteration in the aspect of the landscape in this locality since Maori times is something at which to marvel. The former great lagoon and its surrounding swamps to which the Ka[...]reclaimed, and closely built over—a wilderness of water, mud, and rank vegetation has be— come a populous city suburb. The position of Kaiwaka is shown on Map II. Kai-wharawhara [Kaiwharawhara] stream. This stream which enters the harbour on its south—western shore has two named headwa[...]d’, and the other rising on the southern slopes of Tari—kaka [Tarikaka] (or Kaukau) hill, was call[...]by the plant, Astelia Banksii’, the wharawhara of the Maori. Crawford (30, p. 46) has given a graphic description of the former size and state of the Kaiwharawhara Stream; it was once of much greater volume than now, its gully heavily f[...]ara] kainga. The former open village at the mouth of the stream of the same name. The Ngati-Tama [Ngati Tama] chief, Te
	26 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA Kaeaea (Sparrow Hawk), or, as he was named in ri[...]hata [Kaiwhatawhata] rock. A hapuku ﬁshing rock of Rangitatau pa bluff (8, Pt. 5, p. 9), and apparently located at the distal end of Palmer Head reef. This reef extends seaward abou[...]ep water frequented by this rock-haunting species of highly esteemed food fish (45, p. 69). The Palmer[...]ms to have been a small fortified position—a pa of Ngati—Ira [Ngati Ira]. It was located just above the northern point of Worser Bay, on a narrow spur—end overlooking what is now the eastern termi— nus of Awa Road. When the place was examined as lately as October I955, remarkably good traces of the site were found to remain. It lay in a little[...]ated by Best (8, Pt. 5, p. 173) as at the ‘site of the Pilot Station and vicinity at Worser Bay’.[...]he place described above. The traditional origin of the name of this little pa gives a quaint glimpse of the happenings of bygone days. An attack on the pa by Rangit[...]
	[...]ru, forestalled a prospective meal and the people of the place (Ngati—Ira) had to meet the onslaught[...]allen foe exclaimed: ‘Who can withstand the man of the kakariki hutia (plucked parakeets)?’ The phrase was adopted as the name of the pa, the strengthening effect of the uncooked food thereafter being considered a f[...]ti, for the high wooded island off the west coast of Wellington, is an abbreviation of Te Waewae—kapiti—o—Tara—raua—ko—Rangitane, which means ‘the junction line of the boundaries between Ngai—Tara and Rangitane [tribal lands].’ On the western side of the territory occupied by these allied tribes the[...]ries came together (waewae kapiti) was the island of Kapiti and the adjacent mainland, hence the name of the island and of the modern survey district (also Kapiti) opposite[...]p slopes bordering Karaka Bay on the eastern side of Miramar peninsula. Named for the um karaka (karal[...]II, and Plate 8b. Karori area. Original ‘name of the basin—like area still known by this name’[...]There is a possibility that the correct spelling of this name should be ‘Karore’, but until satis[...]Shown 011 Maps I, IV. Kau Point. An abbreviation of the name Kau—whakaara—waru,
	28 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA a former kainga in the embayment on the south-east side of Point Halswell. The shortened name is now also ap[...]e former Village. A small midden, composed mostly of paua shells, could still be seen in 1955. The pla[...]Map III. Te Kauae o Poua rock. ‘The jaw—bone of Poua’, a large isolated rock—a sea stack—ne[...]p. 408). It is related that the Ngati Ira people of Te Whanganui—a— Tara (Wellington Harbour) had a proverb which ran: ‘Kz'a mahaki m mm 138[...]lea riro ai te whenua,’ ‘when the jaw—bone of Poua becomes loose, then only will the land he lo[...]‘the rock remains immovable, but the survivors of Ngati Ira are few and widely scattered’ (6, p. I 5 5). Shown on Map VI. Kaukau peak. ‘The name of [the so—called] Kaka Hill, above Khandallah, [a[...]aning ‘kaka snaring’, from former activities of that nature carried on there; this fuller name is recorded on the 4 inches to a mile street map of Wellington City. Kaukau is undoubtedly a corrupt[...]n area at its summit. Shown on Maps I, IV. Kauru of Hataitai. An old ﬁgurative name for the Kilbirn[...]en alluded to in this way as being the ‘head’ of Miramar peninsula, then known as Hataitai[...]
	[...]ND SITES 29 Kau-whakaara—waru kainga. A kainga of the Ngati Kaitangata hapu of Ngati—Ira, located ‘on the hill at Pt. Halswe[...]was beside the little stream in the bay southeast of Point Halswell and not on the hill—ridge above[...]see notes under Kau Point. The correct position of Kau—whakaara—waru is shown on Maps I, H. Kenepuru stream. The old name of the Porirua Stream, which rises on the western ﬂank of the Papararangi hill—ridge that borders the harbour north of N ga Uranga, and ﬂows northward to Porirua Harbour. The older name means ‘alluvial silt ﬂats’, and is derived from the fertile ﬂoodplain of this stream on its middle and lower course. On B[...]but this spelling is based on an in appreciation of its true pronunciation. Shown on Map VI. Kenepu[...]ck. An old Maori track linking Porirua (Pari rua) Harbour with Wellington Harbour (Te Whanganui a Tara) that led up the Porirua (Kenepuru) Stream, which[...]on] the path ascended and led . . . to the summit of the [Papararangi] range overlook— ing the Korok[...]escent through dense forest then came down to the harbour’s margin a short distance south of the mouth of the Korokoro Stream. Shown on Map VI. Te Kiekie[...]map 011 the outer western coast half a mile north of Ngutu—kaka at Pipinui Point. It appears to be attached to a slight salient of the coastline. The only meaning of Te Kiekie recorded is its use as the name of the climbing plant, Freycinetia Banksii, and in f[...]a damp sheltered cleft or recess, forming a means of descent and ascent. On the other hand, a growth of this plant
	30 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA here may have been merely a local source of the delicacies, meme and tau/ham, edible fruit and ﬂower respectively of Freycmetia. Position shown (after Best) on Map V[...]he beach’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. I73). The meaning of the name could be expressed more literally and br[...]comm) Kirikiri—tatangi extends for a distance of about three—quarters of a mile and forms the seaward margin of Marae—nui (Seatoun ﬂat). Shown on Maps I, II[...][at Petone] on Section 37, about 15 chains inland of the Esplanade’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 167). This description gives a location for this site (nature unknown) of a short distance to the south—east of the present Jackson Street—Cuba Street intersec[...]ohanga-piripiri lagoon. ‘The ﬁrst lagoon east of Pencarrow Head’ (8, Pt. 5, p. 165). It was originally a narrow arm of the sea but ponding by ancient shingle beach—ridges converted the inlet into the ponded mouth of a stream identiﬁed as the old— time Wai—mik[...]S. P. Smith’s Map No. 6 in his Tarana/ei Coast, of Port Nicholson (Wellington Harbour) as it was prior to 1840, shows Kohanga—piripir[...]ical evidence, the 18 55 uplift causing the level of the lagoon to be lowered and reduced, a south—w[...]Kohanga-te-ra lagoon. ‘The second lagoon east of Pencarrow
	[...]ead’ (8, Pt. 5, p. 165), about three—quarters of a mile beyond Kohanga-piripiri. These two lagoons are of identical origin but Kohanga—te-ra is the larger sheet of water (Plate 6a); there Gollans Stream is the ponded watercourse. In supposed contrast to the basin of Kohanga—piripiri, the hollow occupied by Kohang[...]ted place on or near the shores [ofWelling— ton Harbour]’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 172). According to McLeod (37, p. 172; 38) this was the name of a battle fought on the harbour itself. Crawford, however (29, p. 399), mentions[...], not sea—engagements. He also mentions hapu(s) of Ngati— Kahungunu and of Ngati—Apa in conﬂict and that the latter were[...]referred to in con— nection with the Wellington Harbour territory, but this is a matter for the historians to settle. Konarua. A place on the south—east coast of Somes Island (Smith, 51, Map No. 6). Not recorded[...]panying maps. Kopae-parawai. A place at junction of Molesworth and Murphy streets, Thorndon (8, Pt. 5[...]Kopahou ridge. The hill—ridge on the east side of the Te Mahanga headwaters of Kaiwharawhara Stream (8, Pt. 2, p. 5). From between Aro Street and the upper valley of the Kaiwhara— whara it extends southward to the outer coast (8, Pt. 5, p. 171). In terms of modern named places and geographic features, this ridge commences at I-Iighbury, forms the eastern watershed of the Karori Reservoir Reserve, and continues southward between the Silver Stream tributary of the Karori and the headwaters of the Owhiro, reaching Cook Strait at Sincla[...]
	32 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA Te Kopahou pa. ‘The pa of Ngati—Rangi and Ngati—I—Iikerata’ burned,[...]account. Not mapped. Korimako stream. The stream of the ‘bellbird’, the N gaio branch of the head streams of the Kaiwharawhara. It rises on the southern slopes of Kaukau (Tari-kaka, am.) and ﬂows past Ngaio to join the Te Mahanga branch of the Kaiwharavvhara at the top of the gorge of that stream, a mile and a quarter above its mouth. Korohiwa pa. ‘Said to have been the name of a fortiﬁed village [pa] on the [eastern mainlan[...]—Te Mana, meaning ‘the throat (food—supply) of Te Mana’. The place was named in a manner similar to the naming of Takapu (I), (q.v.). As the Te Ati—Awa heke (invading group) approached Te Whanganui—a—Tara, one of the chiefs of the Ngati—Mutunga sec— tion, namely Te Poki ([...]ati-Awa), Claimed for his own the gully and delta of the Korokoro by saying: ‘Ko tc korokoro tenei o taka tamaiti’, ‘this place is the throat of my child’ (6, p. I 54). This was an allusion, w[...]be set apart to sustain his family. The full name of the stream (C [hristie], 21), as given above, emphasizes the name Te Mana, hence the name of a promi— nent member of Te Poki’s family was presumably Te Mana. An ancient earthwork pa was situated on the summit of a spur up the gully of the Korokoro Stream. In the vicinity of Te Whanga-nui—a—Tara, according to Elsdon Best, the rocky nature of the ground was generally unfavourable for the construction of pa maioro or earthwork defences; therefore most of the local forts were built with stockades[...]
	[...]ot been fully sustained, as a considerable number of earthwork pa are now known in the district. Koro[...]pped. Kumuhore cultivations. This is now the name of a Maori land— block or ‘Native Reserve’ of 351 acres, centring on Booth trig station, immediately north of the original area called Owhariu (q.v.); it includes the middle portion of the course of Hawkins Gully stream. At the time of the advent of European settlement, this place was still the scene of extensive Maori cultivation, as Brees’ 1845 map (14) deﬁnitely shows. Two patches of cultivation there, one large the other smaller, c[...]ict, which became comprised in the Native Reserve of Kumuhore. The cultivations were bounded on the w[...]Kumuhore may be accepted as having been the name of these food cultivations (see Map VI). Kumutoto kainga. A small kainga ‘at the foot of Bowen [should be Woodward] Street’ near the mouth of Kumutoto Stream which ‘ﬂowed into the sea [harbour] there’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 170). The exact position of this village was near the upper end of the present Woodward Street. It was the earlier dwelling place of the Ati—Awa chief, Wiremu Tako Ngatata, who als[...]itea pa, at Thorndon, and later lived at the site of Te Mako pa (q.v.) in the Hutt Valley. Kum[...]
	34 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA Victoria University, and swings sharply round to occupy a deep gully on the north side of the lower end of Salamanca Road. It then turns north, parallel to and west of Wellington Terrace, continuing in a shallowing gu[...]rd Street, where it turned east to ﬂow into the harbour at the line of the present Lambton Quay. Shown on Maps III, IV, V. Numerous traces of former cultivation and of cooking ovens with midden material occur along the sides of the lower part of Kumutoto gully between Everton Terrace and Woodwa[...]giangi (Chaﬁbr’s Passage). The lesser channel of the entrance to Wellington Harbour—011 the west side of Barrett Reef. The name means ‘the calm way’.[...]elow. It was located on the lower ﬂattened part of the spur above Point Gordon, Miramar peninsula, o[...]name is now applied to the bay on the north side of Point Gordon, and according to S. Percy Smith (51, Map No. 6) the promontory of Point Gordon was originally known as Te Mahanga.[...]y a summer resort for ﬁshing and the collection of sea—birds’ eggs. A cave haunted by a taniwha was a former feature of the place (6, p. I 38). Location shown on Map II. Te Mahanga stream. The main head branch of the Kaiwhara— whara Stream, rising at Karori an[...]ilton Bush to join the Korimako branch at the top of the gorge of the Kai— wharawhara, a mile and a quarter from[...]ated place on or near the shores ofWelling— ton Harbour’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 173). It was apparently s[...]th mentions it between these two places in a list of sites located on the eastern side of the har— bour (51, p. 408).
	[...]k, and this stream may have been so named because of supplies of specially good quality greywacke stone occurring[...]Pt. 5, p. 166). It was named by Kupe at the time of his visit to the harbour at a date reckoned to be 1000 years ago. S. Percy Smith (51, Map No. 6) gives the name of this islet as Wakaroa, but tradition deﬁnitely[...]ng no natural water supply on it, and the storage of sufﬁcient rain water was probably too difﬁcul[...]dge was dug up. Shell refuse was seen on the brow of the bluff. Portion of a nephrite adze was found at the base of the cliff. ’ Shown on Map I, and Plate 7a. Te[...]present Naenae railway station on the south side of the former eastern extension of Park Avenue (now Gregory Street), and a short distance east of the present main Hutt railway (35, end map). The old site of Te Mako pa was selected by the Ati—Awa chief, Wiremu Tako Ngatata (Whose ﬁrst place of residence in the
	36 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA Wellington area was Kumutoto and Who later lived at Pipitea) for the erection of his ﬁrst house built in European style (3 5, p. 2. 5) , and he was in occupation there at the time of the I 8 5 5 earthquake. The establishment include[...]alled Nukutewhatewha, completed in 1856 at a cost of £3,000. He was called to the Legislative Council[...]nd—block which comprises what is now the suburb of Vogeltown, I42 acres (Omaroro, (1.12.). Ngatata r[...]72 (Scholeﬁeld, 48, vol. 2, p. 12.2). Location of Te Mako pa shown on Map VII. Ma—koromiko. The original name of Brown’s Bay or Okiwi— iti, ‘so named for th[...]old name for Robinson Bay at the present borough of Eastbourne. Makurerua pa. A pa of the Ngati—Mamoe situated on the hill— ridge a[...]VI. Mana island. Mana Island, which formed part of the lands of south-western Wellington occupied by Ngai—Tara, was named by Kupe. He named it to commemorate his successful crossing of Moana—nui—a—Kiwa (‘Great Ocean of Kiwi—the South Paciﬁc) from Rarotonga to Aote[...]Mana—o— Kupe—ki—Aotearoa, ‘the ability of Kupe to cross the ocean to Aotearoa’. His desce[...]what later became known as Te Whanga—nui—a—Tara, that Kupe visited Mana Island. The tradi— tional account appears to indicate that the higher northern end of the plateau-top of Mana, 395 ft above sea—level, was ascended on this occasion and named Matakitaki, because of the wide View it commanded of sea and adjacent coastlines (see Best, 8, Pt. I, . 156 . P The) island of Mana is shown in aerial perspective in Plate I.
	[...]7 Manawa-karioi area. ‘The land where the Home of Compassion is now located’ M. Christie, pers. comm) This is at the north end of Rhine Street, south—west of Wakeﬁeld Park, and at the boundary between Berh[...](at Cook Strait) one and three-quarter miles west of Sinclair Head. ‘A Ngati—Awa name’ (Best, 8,[...]5, p. 174) but it probably originated as the name ofTara’s time when Miramar was an island (Fig. I, and Motu—kairangi, q.v.). The uplift at the time of the Hao—whenua earthquake (q.v.) accelerated the formation of Seatoun ﬂat and progradation, still in progress[...]and burned down in I846, located on the left bank of the Hutt River at the present site of Lower Hutt Sub—station, off Connelly Street, Lo[...]. According to Cowan (28, p. 87 (map) ) the name of this ‘palisaded village’ was Makahi—nuku. The meaning of the name as given by Mr Wi Hapi Love (in 3[...]
	38 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA Maranui. ‘Part of the Lyall Bay foreshore adjoining Island Bay is k[...]attached to old Maori middens located at the base of now inland sea—cliffs at the western end ofKilb[...]uru bay. Described as located on the eastern side of Evans Bay, three—quarters of a mile south of Point Halswell. The Ngati—Mutunga section ofof that of Point Jerningham, only a mile distant, and is the[...]t. Nor does the erratic variation in the spelling of the name as recorded by Smith strengthen conﬁde[...]173), who records the name Harukaikuru in a list ofof Miramar peninsula, rises to 530 ft and is its hig[...]Maps I, II. Matai—rangi summit. The older name of Mt Victoria (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 171). The[...]
	[...]i (lookout). This appears to be the original name of the top of the high northern end of the summit plateau of Mana Island, 395 ft above sea—level. Tradition[...]na Island). Te Mataki—kai—poinga pa. ‘A pa ofof Ngati—Ira under the chief Tuahu— riri, but wh[...]high up on the ridge to— wards the northern end of Miramar peninsula but its precise position is now[...]I. Matiu island. Now Somes Island, ‘the larger of the two [existing] islands in Wellington Harbour. It was named for a niece or (as sometimes stated) for a daughter of Kupe’ (Best, 6, p. 110), but Best shows by a genealogy that it was the name of a niece, as also was that of Makaro (Ward Island) :~— Marewa l l I l l Ma[...]and see Smith, 51, p. 50). It was on Matiu that Tara and Tautoki made their ﬁrst settle- ment when they and their people took possession of the harbour. They built three houses on the island, Haere—moana, Aotea—roa, and Te Pu—o—te—tonga, the names of which were commemorative of their father Whatonga’s exploit: the ﬁrst mea[...]third their ﬁnal dwelling place at the very end of the North Island, ‘the true south’ (Be[...]
	40 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA Despite the fact that Matiu is watered by feeble[...]re erected thereon: Hao-whenua, on summit at site of present quarantine station (1918) (Best, 8, Pt. 5[...]A rock on the south—west was called Te Papa—o-Tara; this was not so—named in Tara’s time, but was given many years later by his descendants in remembrance of him (Best, 6, p. 181). Matiu is shown on Map I,[...]aungaraki ridge or range. ‘The high range north of Pito-one pa’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 167). It separates most of the deep gully of the Korokoro Stream from the Hutt Valley, and extends from north of Belmont Hill, 1498 ft, its highest point, southwa[...]a. A stockaded village located on the narrow part of Rongotai ridge at and immediately south of the present Miramar Avenue cutting (McLeod, 37, p[...]s built and occupied by the Ngati—Hinepari hapa of Ngai— Tara, under the supervision of their chief, Te Rahui (Best, 6, p. 137). The eponymic ancestress of this hapa was Hine-pari, a daughter of Wakanui, hence a grand—daughter of Tara. Site shown on Map II, and Plate 8a. Mawaihakona. A name attached, on the map of Hutt and Makara counties, 1927, to an area at Tre[...]kona, but the last and apparently crucial element of the combination is not given in Williams’ Dictionary of the Maori Language, hence little can be made of it.
	[...]isthmus had not been formed and a through channel of sea—water called Te Awa—a—Taia isolated the[...]e. The ﬁrst settlers were the sons ofWhatonga, Tara and Tautoki, and their people, the Ngai—Tara and the Rangitane, respectively. Later peoples a[...]peninsula and its isthmus later received the name of Whataitai or Hataitai, which covered the whole of the area deﬁned. The ﬁrst pakeha name applie[...]nnection with it than that he once landed a cargo of cattle there (29, p. 396). The original principal owner of the land on the peninsula was James Coutts Crawfo[...]in 30), but commanded not only an extensive View of Evans Bay, the harbour, and the then forested hills be— yond, but also one over Lyall Bay and part of Cook Strait. Mrs McBarnet named the homestead, Mi[...](1459—1519), situated near Trieste, at the head of the Adriatic. In September 1872, Mr Crawford form[...]peninsula (29, p. 396), and ﬁnally the name was ofﬁcially adopted. Shown on Maps 1, II. Te Mirim[...]t tentatively placed it on the hill—ridge north of Te Whetu—kai—
	42 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA rangi. His account (8, Pt. I, p. 168) of an attack on Te Whetu— kai-rangi pa gives support for this position of Te Mirimiri. Te Moana-a—kura pa. An old pa on the ridge at the northern end of Somes Island (Best, 8, Pt. 3, p. I63, and Pt. 5,[...]lington City. In full (according to Mere Ngamai, of Nga Uranga, in the early ﬁfties), the name shou[...]This name (Moera) was transferred to a new suburb of Lower Hutt in 1933 (pers. comm., H. M. Christie).[...]Hutt: Past and Present (35 . Mo)huia rock. A rock of Sinclair Head, named for a daughter or niece of Kupe. There are three big sea—washed rocks of the point named, one a rocky islet, and another about a quarter of a mile distant (8, Pt. 5, p. I75). The tall isola[...]tea forest (3 5, p. 23), created by the discharge of streams from the hills at Normandale, accumulatin[...]ogged area. Open water collected at the lower end of the swamp to form a lagoon known to the early pak[...]e overﬂow to the Hutt River at the western side of Gear Island. The swamp apparently covered an area of over 30 acres. Shown on Map VII. Te Momi was cal[...]Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 175) in occupation at the time of the Muaupoko reprisal
	THE PLACE-NAMES AND SITES 43 raid on Te Whanga—nui—a—Tara and Motu—kairangi (qq.v.). At that time Tara, the founder of Te Whetu—kai-rangi pa, was dead and his son, Te Wakanui, was paramount chief of Ngai—Tara. Te Awa—a-Taia (channel) was gradually silting up, becoming shallower (see Fig. 2.), and less of a defensive ditch for the core of the Ngai—Tara positions (Best, 10, pp. 784—5). Motu—haku is recorded as one of the several centres of occupa- tion marked by rising plumes of smoke from cooking fires, seen by the Muaupoko ta[...]d, p. 784). Motu—kairangi (island). In the time of Tara, about 700 years ago according to Elsdon Best (8,[...]me later (Fig. 2, and Map II). It was the largest of the three or four islands within the Great Harbour of Tara. Old Whatonga recognized it as the most desirable[...]at that time for settlement and advised his son, Tara, to utilize it as such. This was done and a pa bu[...]quarters on Matiu (Somes Island). In explanation of the name, Motu—kairangi, or ‘sky—gazing isl[...]to the point; in relation to the respective forms of the two names concerned, their components seem to clash rather than conform. The traditional account of the supposed similar names, Te Whetu—kai—rang[...]ow use the suggested correct respective divisions of these compound words), also of the name Te Awa—kairangi (the Hutt River), if g[...]nce. The name, Te Whetu—kai—rangi (q.v.) for Tara’s main pa on
	44 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA what is now Seatoun Heights, following a suggestion by Te Umu— roimata, a wife of Tara, had already been decided upon. It was Hine-kiri, a daughter of Tara, whose youthful wit supplied the name, Motu—kairangi. These three persons were discussing the matter of names (Best, 8, Pt. I, p. 164—5) thus :— ‘Tara had remarked to Umu—roimata: “What shall be the name of our island on which we are dwelling?” ‘Te Um[...]i11— signiﬁcant name?” ‘ “Oh,” said Tara, “that name already applies to the pa”. Where[...]is interjection by Hine—kiri can be regarded as of the nature of a smart answer and a play on words, ‘kaimngi’[...]in contemplating (kai, ‘feed upon’) the stars of heaven. Motu—kairangi, on the other hand, epigr[...]locality for occupation at that time in the whole of Te Whanga—nui—a—Tara (see Fig. I). From a similar point of view, the largest river of the area, Te Awa—kairangi (later called Heretau[...]tt), received the name meaning ‘the watercourse of greatest value’, it being navigable for canoes far into the interior of the land, and thereby giving easy access to almos[...]sent writer offers this two—fold interpretation of the significance of a small group of important similar—sounding local names as again[...]a pa. Located in the Hutt Valley on the east side of the river directly opposite the position of the former Belmont railway station (3 5, end map)[...]been obtained concerning the date and occupation of this place. Shown on Map VII. Muritai. The southern part of Eastbourne Borough at the rear of Robinson Bay (Okiwi—nui, gm).
	[...]ens in the above location in his accompanying map of middens of the Wellington district. It is probably a modern[...]as the mosquito which undoubtedly infested parts of the valley in the early days. Te Neki. A place at Taita, Hutt Valley—an earlier place of residence in the valley, of Wiremu Tako Ngatata (Phillipps, 42, pp. 107-8), a[...]nce at Te Mako (gm). Te Neki may be a corruption of Te Neke. Another small settle— ment of the latter name is recorded by Best (13) on the western shore of the southern arm of Porirua Harbour. It would be of interest to know if these places were named for t[...]t places ‘on beach at or near Section 63, north of Pencarrow Head. So named for two women who had a[...]arry Bluff (or, Hinds Point) on the eastern shore of the harbour and the location is thus exactly fixed. Shown on Map I. Ngai-Tara tribe. See in Introduction, pp. 6—8, also p. 87[...]s). According to McLeod (3 8) this name was that of the neck of land linking Miramar (i.e., Motu—kairangi, the[...]d) to the mainland shore. But this is a confusion of the traditional loca— tion of the legendary story with another place, and cannot be sustained. Ngake was the name of a taniwha (fabulous monster) that was once conﬁned within a great lake now represented by Wellington Harbour. He was successful in forcing a passage to the op[...]I, p. 147) by rending the barrier at the position of
	46 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA the present main entrance (Te Au—a—Tane, (1.[...]ure named Whataitai, that tried to escape by way of the narrow place between Evans and Lyall bays, bu[...]ake departed never to return and became a chimera of legend, but not a local place—name. Nga Kumikum[...]tivation clearing in the bush on the present line of Nairn Street, north—east of Central Park, Wellington City. The name refers to the ‘beards’ of the mamaku tree fern. Shown on Map III. Nga Mok[...]e islet and detached rock at the north— ern end of Somes Island’ (8, Pt. 5, p. 166). Shown on Bes[...]I herein. Nga Pakoko. ‘A place at the junction of Mulgrave and Sydney streets’ (8, Pt. 5, p. 170). No information is available to indicate the nature of this site. The word ‘pakoleo’, as a noun, has[...]cal application. Nga Puhoro hill. ‘A hill north of Te Ahi—parera’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 167). This is at the head of Te Tuara—whati—o—Te Mana stream, north of Petone railway station (Map VII), but the actual[...]he eponymous ancestor was Awanui—a—rangi (The Great River of Heaven)’ (ibid., p. 158). The pa and kairzga ofof this people was derived from Ira— kai—[...]
	THE PLACE-NAMES AND SITES 47 was a son of Uenuku, who came from Hawaiki to Aotea—roa in the Horouta canoe, and of his wife, Takarita. Uenuku—rakeiora= Takarita[...]ncreased and spread over to Te Whanga—nui—a—Tara and the whole of the Wellington district as far north as Puke-rua,[...]Puke-rua they were intermingled with the Muaupoko of Horowhenua and appear to have lived in close cont[...]pa (Best, 6, p. 147). The Ngati—Ira occupation of Wellington terminated with the advent of Te Ati-Awa (the migratory section of Ngati—Awa of the Bay of Plenty, who had previously moved on to Taranaki). At the time of their local invasion it is recorded (6, p. 154) that Ngati—Ira were living in the valley of the Hutt—at Ngutu—ihe and at Ohiti——and along the eastern shore of the harbour—prin- cipally at Whio—rau (Lowry Bay), at a p[...]eople. An ‘aboriginal’ tribe, ‘the last one of the [so-called] tangata—whenua [or pre—Fleet people] to have posses— sion of Te Whanga—nui—a—Tara and the South Island’ (Best, 6, p. 119). They originally came from the East Coast portion of the North Island (loc. cit). ‘Ngati—Mamoe to[...]e) who lived 23 generations ago or about the time of the arrival of The Fleet and he was a descendant ofof Ngati—Mamoe had occupied the Wellington district and indeed many other parts of the North Island. The
	48 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA ancient name of the Mamoe people was Te Tini—o—Mamoe and acco[...]leet—Maori’ (8, Pt. 2, p. 7). Other divisions of the so—called tangata—whenua ofof them, entered the Te Whanga—nui—a—Tara territory during its occupa- tion by Ngai—Tara, who permitted the newcomers to take over the western part of their lands, the area known as Pahua (gm. and see[...]from North Taranaki that formerly occupied parts of the Wellington area. According to Buck (15, p. 24[...]mself be- longed) was and is a branch or offshoot of Te Ati-Awa, and joined their kinsmen in the Welli[...]st, Maps Nos. I and 2. Ngati-Tama tribe. Another of the North Taranaki tribes that formed part of the Te Ati—Awa invasion of the Te Whanga-nui- a—Tara territory a little before the time of organized European settlement in that area. Ngau-matau headland. ‘Northern headland of Lowry Bay’ (8, Pt. 5, p. 166), now called Point[...]d [as the name literally signiﬁes] at the mouth of the [Waitohi] stream’ (8, Pt. 5, p. 168). A sma[...]a (Village) located nearby was the dwelling place of the chief Te Wharepouri; he was buried at Petone but a cenotaph (in the form of half a canoe adorned with painted patterns and se[...]d to his memory on the hillslope on the east side of the Waitohi stream by Rawiri Te Motutere i[...]
	THE PLACE-NAMES AND SITES 49 of how the wrong spelling of a name can have a false meaning assigned to it, i[...]le—place. A site near the former Ngati—Ira pa of Ngutu—ihe, and apparently on the ﬂat land at the foot of Puke—atua, where the invading Te Ati-Awa and th[...]rst attack on Ngati-Ira at Te Whanga—nui—a— Tara (Best, 6, p. 155, and 8, Pt. 5, 166). First honou[...]Te Ati—Awa ﬁnally prevailed and the survivors of the defeated local inhabitants of the place retreated across Puke- atua ridge to th[...]the Waira— rapa (Best, 6, p. I 5 5). The site of Te Ngohengohe is on the eastern side of the Hutt Valley plain, about half a mile in from the harbour margin, and is shown on Map VII. Ngutu—ihe pa. Located at or above the junction of Hutt Park Road and Graceﬁeld Road (35, end map) but, more exactly, on the end of a projecting spur of Puke-atua ridge and below the existing Wainui—o[...]was a Ngati—Ira pa, and the name means ‘beak of the garﬁsh’. Shown on Maps I, VII. Ngutu—[...]er western coast on Pipinui Point, 3% miles north of Owhariu Bay (Makara Beach). The literal meaning of the name is ‘kaka beak’. Site shown on Map VI. Te 0. ‘A place in the vicinity of the residence of the late Mr Pollen, Hanson Street [Wellington Cit[...]1). P We have been left no clue as to the nature of this site or the local meaning of its name (the word ‘0’ in Maori has several m[...]sﬁed that this is the correct original spelling of the name; it is probably a corruption or a reduction of its original form. The bay in question, now so ca[...]r Western coast (Cook Strait) at the northern end of Omere hill—ridge, and its position is sh[...]
	50 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA Another version of the name is Ohaua, and on Brees’ map (14) it is shown as Ohao. Ohaua kainga. ‘Said to be the name of a [native] village on the coast at Owhariu [Bay]’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, 177), but this duplicates one version of the name of the bay farther south, and seems to indicate a confusion of names in this locality, probably of names having similar form or sound. From the pos[...]thereon, pa, must have been situated on the point of the bluff between Makara (shingle) Beach and Wharehou Bay, which is the lesser indentation of the present Owhariu Bay of ofﬁcial maps. Shown on Map VI. ‘ Another but un[...]t’s 1916 map, is shown by him on the right bank of the Makara Stream above its ponded mouth, about 2[...]o shown on Best’s 1916 map. The place was a pa of Ngati—Ira, but later taken over by To Ati—Awa. The meaning of the name has been given as ‘be cau— tious’.[...], VII. O-kakaho stream—‘in Fitzroy Bay, east of Kohanga—te-ra lagoon. A small Ngati—Awa villa[...]ern maps. This stream enters the sea a mile east of Kohanga—te-ra, and its name means ‘place of the ﬂower culms (stalks) of the toetoc (Ammi'o conspicua)’ ; the valley bottom was presumably marshy and showed a prominent growth of this plant, as the name implies. Shown on Map I. Okautu stream. Described by Best as ‘one of the anabranches or channels of the Hutt River near its mouth’ (8, Pt. 5[...]
	[...]ES 5 I more properly applied to the upper course of the Okautu, which there is very winding. Shown on[...]he notorious “Okiwi Brown”. The original name of this spot was Ma-koromiko; it was re-named O—ki[...]m Okiwi—nui (q.11.). Bay, on the eastern shore of Wellington Harbour, and is shown on Map I. Okiwi-nui bay. Located on the eastern shore of Wellington Harbour (8, Pt. 2, p. I 5), and was the original name of Robinson Bay, the open sandy bay on the south side of the Eastbourne foreland salient. A Ngati—Ira p[...]? Maru—kai—kuru]—a little bay three-fourths of a mile inside Evans Bay, on the east side.’ Bes[...]ld be re- membered that Percy Smith obtained many of his Wellington area place—names from Elsdon Bes[...]) shows other errors in spelling and the location of places. The accepted location of O—maru—kai—kuru is shown on Maps I, II, III[...]aps originally terraced to some extent, on a spur of the Turangarere hills (q.v.) at Brooklyn, facing the north—east, within an area of the present Wellington Town Belt, and just
	52 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA outside (to the north of) the north—east corner of the Omaroro land—block (of 142 ac. 2r. op., D.P. 52. and W.D. 3131 (dated 18[...]was a Crown Grant to Wiremu Tako Ngatata, a chief of Te Ati—Awa, resident at Kumutoto, and to Hemi P[...]eastern boundary. The north and south boundaries of the area are deﬁned by a number of blind street ends. The Omaroro cultivation plot[...]Plan 3077, 1873) close to the north—east corner of Omaroro land—block, to which (as the tino) it u[...](Roll Plan 379), dated 1843—now in the archives of NZ. Department of Lands and Survey. Elsdon Best (8, Pt. 5, p. 171)[...]laced about 25 chains too far to the south—west of its true location. Its correct position and the proper spelling of the name are shown on Map III herewith. O[...]
	[...]S AND SITES 53 This was probably the short beach of sand (the largest of several tiny pocket beaches) situated a hundred yards south of the present wharf. Karaka Bay has for the most part a rugged rocky shoreline and the application of the name Onehunga to the whole bay is not ﬁttin[...]X- tended from Pipitea to a little distance north of Tiakiwai’ (8, Pt. 5, p. 169), at Thorndon, Well[...]which is now about 25 chains inland as the result of harbour reclamation. Shown on Maps IV, V. Opahu stream. An alternative name of the Okautu watercourse, a tributary (or, as it apparently was originally, an anabranch) of the lower course of the Hutt River. The name Opahu may be more properly applied to the upper course of the Okautu (gm) on account of its tortuous channel; this suggestion assumes that the principal element of the name, i.e., pahu, is here equivalent, as it o[...]u’, ‘to bend and twist’, as does the course of a stream, and to a notable degree here (see Map V[...], 8, Pt. 5, p. 177). Modern maps show the valley of the Opau Stream in the locality deﬁned by Best, but the original application of the name Opau may have been confined to the coast at the mouth of the stream (vide Best’s 1916 map). Shown on Ma[...]‘A place on the Karori Stream near the junction of the two headwaters [the Wai—kohu and the presen[...]rmerly named Wai—pahihi]. A small forest hamlet of the Ngati— Awa folk was situated here’ (Best,[...]77). The exact spot was within the upstream loop of the peculiar S-bend in the main course of the Karori (Plate 6b) 15 chains below the head—waters junction referred to above. A number of depressions, probably whare sites, still m[...]
	54 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA Orangi—kaupapa cultivation ground. A patch of land on the south slopes of Tinakori Ridge on which the Ngati—Tama had a cu[...]hich ascends the hiﬂslope on the eastern margin of Northland suburb, and the upper part of this road must be close to the position of the former cultivation area. The ﬁrst element of the name, i.e., Orangi, seems well estab— lishe[...]which would be appropriate and a good description of the place. In European usage of Maori words, especially place-names, a common res[...]n somewhat speculative. The approximate position of this former cultivation is shown on Maps IV, V. Oriori stream. Apparently a left—bank tributary of the Orongo— rongo River about 12»;- miles upstream from the sea. It is marked on Brees’ early survey of the Port Nicholson district, dated 1845 (I4). Or[...]nal station [Beacon Hill] to the eastern headland of Lyall Bay [Moa Point], (Best, 8, Pt. I, p. 166, and Pt. 5, p. 174). This forms the main hill—ridge of the southern part of Miramar peninsula; Beacon Hill rises to 433 ft above sea—level and other high points of Orongo are Trig Stations 20 (364 ft), 23 (412 ft), and 2.4 (3 84 ft). The north-eastern end of this ridge near Beacon Hill with a branch running[...]ngorongo river. The most easterly and the largest of the north to south—ﬂowing watercourses of the Rimutaka (correctly, Remu—taka) western foo[...]p. 170) links the name with Rongorongo, the wife of Turi of the Aotea canoe, but gives no grounds for this an[...]o . . .), near Wellington’. If the main element of
	[...]o—Rongorongo’. Shown on accompanying Key Map of the Wellington area. Orua-iti pa. ‘Old—time s[...]Point Dorset [on the main entrance to Wellington Harbour]’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. I74). The name signiﬁes the place of ‘small hole [or pit]’ M. Christie, pers. com[...]by other tribes. McLeod (3 8) published a sketch of Orua—iti, depicting it as a palisaded village on the eastern cliff—margin on the ﬂat top of the ridge above Dorset Point (see Plate 5). He re[...]ri and pre—Maori times’; and a lengthy period of occupation is conﬁrmed by Crawford (29, p. 378)[...]ys Bay, and traditionally built by Te Hiha, chief of Ngati-Kahungunu (8, Pt. 2, p. I5). Also apparently the name of the bay (see Best’s 1916 map). In another plac[...]-pouanui. Best ﬁxes this as the vernacular name of Baring Head, on Cook Strait (8, Pt. 5, p. 165). In a recent recomiaissance of the old native sites at Fitzroy Bay, of which Baring Head forms the eastern limit, B. Pa[...]Head. This may give the clue to the signiﬁcance of the vernacular name, if divided thus: O—rua— Pouanui, and translated ‘the place of the den or retreat of Poua— nui’. On this assumption, Pouanui and Paua (or? Poua) of the neighbouring site of Te Rac-o—Paua (or? Poua) (q.1/.) may be one and[...]on—a tentative suggestion which has the support of Mr Palmer. In the Wellington area there is still[...]med Poua, namely, Te Kauae—o-Poua, a rock islet of great traditional signiﬁcance (see Best, 6, p.[...]
	56 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA further evidence that Poua or Pouanui was not only a person but one of considerable importance in his time. Position of Orua—pouanui is shown 011 Map I. Otari peak. According to Best (8, Pt. 5, p. 169) this is the Maori name of the peak of Tinakori Ridge formerly called Mt McCleverty (see old Admiralty Chart of Wellington Harbour) but shown on modern maps as Mt Wakeﬁeld, as Up[...]had a culti— vation ground on the south slopes of his Otari peak, on land known as Orangi—kaupapa (11.11.). O-te-rongo bay. ‘The small bay just east of Cape Tarawhiti [Terawhiti]. Site of a village of Ngati—Awa [Te Ati—Awa]. A taniwha or water mo[...]a famous ngarara or taniwha who, however, was not of the man-eating variety. Whenever any traveller li[...]the fire and always directly afterwards, arose a great tonga or south- easter [gale]’ (51, p. 411). Th[...]aniwha would seem to have been a personiﬁcation of spindrift produced by the suc— cession of on—shore gales that assail this coast. The name of the bay is now frequently spelt ‘Oteranga’ bu[...]8, Pt. 5, p. 174). Probably the southernmost rock of that reef (correctly, Barrett) that shows above s[...]a. ‘The lands about the mouth and lower reaches of the Makara Stream’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 177). T[...]scharges and as the main (northern) tribu— tary of the Makara; but Takarau (q.v.) appears to[...]
	THE PLACE-NAMES AND SITES 57 original name of the tributary, and it is questionable if the name[...]y. The Owhariu area had the unenviable notoriety of being the scene of unrestrained barbarity reaching on into early European times. ‘One of the latest cannibal feasts of consequence was held at Owhariu, near Wellington, at the close of Te Rauparaha’s exploits when 150 of the Muaupoko tribe went to the ovens’ (Tregear,[...]now sometimes called ‘Happy Valley. Also name of the stream [ﬂowing in it], and a Ngati—Awa v[...]est, 8, Pt. 5, . I75 . P The) principal branches of this stream drain the eastern slopes of Te Kopahou ridge on the west and the western side of Tawa— tawa ridge on the east. The precise position of the kainga has not been recorded. The extension of the name to the bay itself may be of more recent usage. The name has been given as meaning ‘a moonless night’, from whiro, the ﬁrst day of the lunar month. Shown on Maps I, III, VI. Pae-huia. A name applied to the highest part of the Tinakori Ridge (Ahu—mairangi), which appear[...]rly occasion- ally found there, on the brow (pae) of the ridge (Best, 12, p. 222). Pae-kaka. ‘A plac[...]s: a bird—snaring tree at the present position of Murphy Street, Thorndon; this position is adopted[...]st, 8, Pt. 5. p. 175). Best’s original spelling of this name was Pai—kawakawa (6, pp. 34, 50), but[...]—kawakawa stream has a well— developed system of headwater tributaries. These extended from the Vogeltown area eastward to the southern end of Newtown, i.e., from the northern end of Tawatawa ridge to the southern part of Te Ranga—a—Hiwi. These tributary strea[...]
	58 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA The valley was the location of a kumam plantation (position not precisely ﬁxed) said to belong to Hine—kiri, a daughter of Tara by his principal wife, Hine—akauz— Toi Whata[...]l what'ong. I I = Te Umu—roimata Hine—akau = Tara l l \| Hine-kiri Wakanui Te Whana—a—rangi (B[...]wn on Maps 1, III. ,Paerau hilltop. ‘The summit of Te Wharau [ridge] at the place where the old Maor[...]or kainga. A Te Ati—Awa kainga on the west side of the Hutt River near the site of the Pipe Bridge (8, Pt. 5, p. 167). Originally, i[...]s a fortiﬁed place (pa) on an island in an area of swamp (6, p. 157). In its later Stages it became an open village on ﬁrm ground on the right bank of the river nearly opposite the present Lever Bros.[...]ve delta—building, with the opening and filling of a sequence of channels by the Hutt River, a process whic[...]
	[...]little bay, now called Eve Bay, immediately west of Breaker Bay, Miramar. Its water supply was a small stream of good water descending steep slopes from near Beac[...]II. Pae—Whenua ridge. The main hill-ridge west of Breaker Bay, Miramar, and extending from Beacon H[...]) ridges thus appear to be diver— gent branches of a single ridge-system that made up the southern part of the former Motu—kairangi island (Fig. I) and now forms the southern hills of Miramar peninsula (see Plate 3b). Shown on Maps I, II. Pahua territory. The traditional name of the stretch of country settled by the Ngati—Mamoe by consent of Ngai—Tara, the tribe founded by the renowned Chief, Tara, the name of whom was the ﬁrst given to our harbour. About the beginning of the 14th century, Ngati-Mamoe came to the Wellington district at the time of Ngai—Tara occupation; the latter people gave them land exte[...]1916 map the name is inserted but the boundaries of the area are not shown there but are recorded descriptively in his The Land of Tara (8, Pt. 2, p. 2), in a manner, however, too gener[...]ristie (pers. comm.) the Ngati—Mamoe occupation of this part of the Ngai—Tara lands terminated about AD. 1460. On Map VI herew[...]rea’ are printed approximately within the range of Ngati—Mamoe occupation. Paiaka stream. A small[...]Fitzroy Bay about a mile and three-quarters west of Pencarrow. The name is shown on modern maps as P[...]22, p. 202) records it as Te Karaka. One or other of these may be a typographical error; on the[...]
	60 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA Pa—kuao kainga. A former leainga of Te Ati-Awa situated above the northern end of the present Tinakori Road, Thorndon, and generall[...]place 011 Section 6 [on the north—western coast of the harbour] between Nga Uranga and Kaiwharawhara’ (8, Pt. 5, p. 168). The location of Papaka—whero was immediately below the winding incline of the lower part of the present Onslow Road. If down at the sea—sho[...]e name seems to indicate, a place Where some kind of ‘red ﬁsh’ or ‘red crab’ was taken, but[...]’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 165); it was at the mouth of that river, on the right bank, according to Fitzg[...]apa in 1852 (17, vol. 2, p. 87). The last element of this place—name is almost certainly that of a person. Another site at the mouth ofTara rock. ‘A rock at the south end of Somes Island’, according to Best (8, Pt. 5, p. 166), but shown off the west side of the island on his 1916 map (13). The latter seems[...]ridge. A place—name at the north—western side of Wellington Harbour, spelt ‘Paparangi’ on Best’s 1916 map, with[...](with the fuller corrected spelling given above) of the hill—ridge bordering the harbour on its north—western side and running no[...]
	[...]e large lagoon that formerly covered a large part of Miramar ﬂat in the ‘Vale of Para’ (see Plate 5). The older name was Roto-ku[...]Burnham Water by Colonel Wakeﬁeld, the founder of Welling— ton City. The lagoon covered 213 acre[...]lake and a swamp. The natives used to bring eels of the matamoe and haumate varieties from the Hutt Valley and liberate them in this lagoon, as those varieties of the eel tribe ﬂourished in swampy places (Best,[...]2). The lagoon owed its origin to the impounding of the drainage from the encircling hill-ridges of the Vale of Para on a raised marine Hat, by the sand dunes of the isthmus. Formerly the land here was 10 ft to[...]now and the sea then penetrated to the upper end of the ﬂat floor of the valley and left evidence of its former presence by gravel bars (see Fig. 2),[...]drain Para lagoon (or Burnham Water) and the Vale of Para (now Miramar Flat) was planned and constructed under the direction of the then owner of the land, Mr James Coutts Crawford, in I849. This[...]nel driven in New Zealand. During the earthquakes of 18 5 5, the land was raised at Miramar and Wellington City from 4 ft to 5 ft 6 in., and afterwards the floor of the tunnel had to be lowered 4 ft 6 in. to maintain the drainage of the ﬂat; this was done in 1859 (29, p. 378). In[...]shown on Best’s 1916 map about 2:} miles north of Ngutu—kaka at Pipinui Point on the outer wester[...]is given or has come to hand to decide the nature of this place and thereby assist to fix its exact position. Nor are the correct divisions of this name evident, the forms
	62 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA Para—kai—horu, Parakai—horu, and Para—ka[...]anslator when local information as to the meaning of the name, or even a hint regarding it, is wanting[...]rehu pa. This was given by Best as the older name of Pencarrow Head and the site of the pa of Tautoki, younger brother of Tara. The modern name of the headland is Te Rae— akiaki (8, Pt. 5, p. 16[...]te p. 219, and see map, p. 218) the true position of Para—ngarehu (a pa, not a headland) was at the eastern angle of Fitzroy Bay. There, traces of the place were seen by C. R. Carter in May 18 52,[...]corded that a stone wall 300 ft in length was one of the surviving features of the place. The Admiralty Chart of Port Nicholson (issued about 1905) conﬁrmed this location of the site with the name ‘Pa rangi rau’, which is a corrupted form ofPara—ngarehu. A recent examination of the locality by B. Palmer has disclosed a former[...]place indicated, and gives further conﬁrmation of its correct position, which is over 2;} miles east of Pencarrow Head. The name, Para—iigarehu, theref[...]Maori lore, to Pencarrow. The corrected position of Parangarehu is shown on Map I. Paraoa—nui kainga. This site, on the eastern shore of the harbour, appears to have been another site mis—located[...]ation’ and puts it at Camp Bay, two miles south of Eastbourne. A personal exam— ination ofof Paraoa—nui seems to have been re—dis— cover[...]ssrs B. Palmer and C. S. Curtis, three—quarters of a mile south of Camp Bay, in the largest gully opening on the eastern side of the harbour between Eastbourne and Pencarrow Head. The gully[...]here the ﬂat becomes a dry terrace—like strip of ample extent immediately behind the
	[...]3 1855 raised beach and the modern beach—ridge of ﬁne shingle. The site is marked by extensive c[...]but such could have been hidden under the sheets of talus wash which covers most of the relics of former occupation recently rendered Visible by a[...]ves Paraoa—nui as ‘a place on the beach north of N ga Hu’, which was at Quarry Bluff (or, Hinds Point) of the older maps, and Within 70 chains of the site described by Palmer (loc. cit.). Con—[...]e spelling he favoured. Apparently he was unaware of its exacr location, as one reference to it (ibid., p. 408) implies that it was to the east of the Orongorongo River—an obvious error. The na[...]me attached to this site. The corrected position of Paraoa—nui is shown on Map I, 011 which Camp Ba[...]’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 167), on the western side of the Hutt Valley. According to Cowan (28, vol. 1, p. 108) the name of the hills there should be Te Raho—o—te—kapowai (gm), but this is a con— fusion of names of somewhat similar form and sound, and Best’s ver[...]t screes and talus came down and covered the base of the cliffs (pers. comm. P. Beckett, Apr. 1951).
	64 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA The older name, tradition tells us, was given in the time of Kupe, and two versions of the reason for so naming it have been advanced. O[...]d the rocks red; the other, attributes the colour of the rocks to the blood of his daughters, who gashed themselves in grief at a long absence of their father, fearing him lost (8, Pt. I, pp. 147—8). The real origin of these red rocks, numerous small outcrops of which occur in other parts of the Wellington Land District, especially in the a[...]ncient volcanic action—the localized outpouring of lava and ash on the sea—ﬂoor which then (in the Jurassic Period) occupied most of the present position of both the North Island and the South Island. The position of Pari—whero is shown on Map VI. Parliamentary Li[...]‘A small Ngati—Awa hamlet about the boundary of Sections I3 and I4. [Hutt Road] on the Nga Uranga side of Te Ana-puta’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 168). This pl[...]the present Hutt Road, a mile and a quarter north of the V‘Vaitohi stream (now the Nga Uranga). Pos[...]t Kupe saw the whelec (giant octopus), in pursuit of which he had made his way across the ocean, in the act of crossing Raukawa (Cook Strait) towards Te Au-miti[...]y be other than the upstanding residual rock-core of Tapu—te—ranga island itself (see Plate 7b). I[...]and Bay) should bear the name Patawa. In the time of Kupe, Patawa would form a ready lookout point seaward when all the hills of the adjacent land carried an enveloping mantle of dense bush. Pa-whakataka kainga. ‘A Ngati—Ira village near the junction of the Mangaroa and Heretaunga streams’ (Be[...]
	[...]’ (8, Pt. 5, 168), on the north—western shore of the harbour. This particular name was quite commonly applied[...]This probably applied here but the exact position of the tree cannot now be mapped. Pipinui point. A headland 011 the west coast of Wellington Peninsula, 3.}. miles north of Owhariu Bay (Makara Beach). Best’s 1916 map (1[...]alled Ngutu- kaka was formerly located on the top of this promontory. He gave no name to the promontory itself, but Pipinui is not, as many suppose, a name of recent origin, being shown on Brees’ map of 1845 (I4). Shown on Map VI. Pipitea point, stream, and pa. ‘Belsire Point of early maps. A native village [commonly referred to as a pa] here, was occupied by the Hamua clan [hapu] of N gati—Awa. It was situated on the south side ofof Pipitea pa as: (I) at inter- section of Davis Street and Thorndon Quay; (2) at the north- west end of Moore Street; and (3) at the corner of Pipitea and Mulgrave streets (54, p. 39 and Fig.[...]Trafﬁc Tunnel and followed what is now the line of Tinakori Road as far as Hawkstone Street where it[...]kawa ﬂat or terrace (now Thorndon) to enter the harbour below the Te Rae-kai—hau cliff—salient. It is[...]me, Pipitea, was applied only to the lower course of this stream, which is shown on Maps IV, V. Pirihi[...]ti—Awa Village located on the outer south coast of the area, i.e., on Cook Strait, 011 the left bank of Wai—ariki Stream, about 12-15 chains inl[...]
	66 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA Pito-one pa. ‘A stockaded village of Ngati—Awa [Te Ati—Awa] situated about [the present position of] Te Puni Street [Petone]’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 167). The name means ‘the end of the sand beaclf—the harbour front of the Hutt Valley deltaic ﬂat. The chief, Honian[...]p. 112), and was the arz'lei, or paramount chief, of the Te Ati—Awa people in occupation of the Wellington Harbour lands at the time of the advent of the New Zealand Company’s settlers. The follow[...]sden (47) and by Wi Hapi Love (34), shows details of Te Puni and his descendants, many still resident[...]ed a settlement (pa) there, at the western ‘end of the sand beach’, before the incoming and Victorious Te Ati—Awa occupied the position. After the advent of the European settlers the Maori occupants of Pito—one re—erected their village a little di[...], ex— panded, and spread into the larger Petone of to—day.
	THE PLACE-NAMES AND SITES 67 Poito pa. A stockaded Village of Ngati—Ira, under the chief, Takatua, located at the head of Tarakena bay, near Wellington Heads (harbour entrance). It and its citadel, Rangitatau (q.v.),[...]ut 12 chains distant, crowning the narrow hilltop of the western headland of Tarakena bay (see sketch map, Fig. 3). Both places date from Ngai—Taraof Te Ati—Awa lands of the Wellington area. On the arrival of the European settlers, Te Wharepouri gave the limits of his tribal area as follows: ‘Te Rimurapa [Sincl[...]a spot, it is said, close to the present position of Victoria Street, Petone). Pokai—mangumangu peak. A peak, apparently of the Maunga— raki ridge, west of Melling, western Hutt Valley. A former war- track[...]at or near Melling, passing a little to the north of Pokai—mangu— mangu (Cowan, 28, vol. I, p. 108[...]Gully. See WAI—MAPIHI. Pori—rua (Pari—rua) harbour. The well-known, deeply penetra- ting, double—armed inlet on the west coast of Wellington. It was included in the territory of the earliest permanent occupants of the region, the Ngai—Tara. Hone Wairere, of Wanganui, informed Elsdon Best that Porirua Harbour was so named from the fact that it possess[...]
	68 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA According to Henry Stowell (Hare Hongi) the correct form of the name was Pari—rua. He, also, considered the two arms of the harbour to be an essential feature in the origin of the name, and that ‘pari’ referred to the ‘[...]sweeping simultaneously up the twin reaches (ma) of the inlet. In View of the strongly tidal character of the harbour and the generally recog— nized difficulty in ex[...]na bay (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. I74), at the south end of Miramar peninsula, from gullies in the Orongo and[...]comm.). McLeod also (3 8) lists numerous articles of Maori manufacture found at this bay, which had long been a favoured site of occupation. Te Poti stream was the source of water supply for the two fortiﬁed sites here—[...]ee also, IO, p. 787). The name means ‘the pole of Kent’. It stood close under the hill to the west of the present Seatoun wharf and about half—way along Ferry Street. ‘An old resident of Petone, the late Rangi— whaia Te Puni [see gene[...]ated that this spot was the site. From the amount of midden refuse that lay there 30 years ago, there[...]le—site. This was on and close to the left bank of the Waiwhetu Stream, directly opposite the present Hutt Park. The fight took place between the allied tribes of Ngai— Tahu and Ngati—Kahungunu (see no[...]
	[...]eed, the fight may have been a contributory cause of the migration’. Position shown on Map VII. Puhirangi pa. Was located above and to the north—west of Scorching Bay, Mirarnar M. Christie, pers. comm)[...]eferred to, but only incidentally, in his account of the history of Miramar peninsula (10, p. 785). Shown on Map II.[...]The rising ground or low hill at the present site of the Dominion Museum and National Art Gallery, abo[...]The place was commonly known, from the early days of the founding of the city, as Mount Cook, from the trig station of that name erected thereon. Accord— ing to Best the vernacular name was given by the Ngai—Tara people (8, Pt. 5, p. 171), but its signiﬁcance[...]the Hutt Valley and the north—west head streams of the Wainui— o—mata, east of Wai—Whetu (8, Pt. 5, p. 166). The now extinct[...]ich, when forest clad, was here the general limit of the range of its habitat in a westerly direction (12, p. 222).[...]orthward’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 170), to the west of Victoria University and to above Central Terrace,[...]imes attached to the old Roman Catholic Cemetery, of Mount Street, but this is on the lower north—east slopes of Puke-hinau ridge. The name means ‘hill of the hinau tree . Approximate position shown on Maps I, IV. Puke—tirotiro peak. ‘A peak of the Maungaraki [ridge or range]’ (Best, 8, Pt.[...]Point, 807 ft above sea—level, on the west side of Maungaraki Road, above Petone railway station, Hu[...]top commanding a Wide view.’ It is probably one of the most com— prehensive Viewpoints in the Wellington Harbour area and is
	70 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA easily accessible; the whole harbour (except its north—west shore— line), the lower part of the Hutt Valley, and the Rimutaka Range are all i[...]iate one. Shown on Maps I, VI, VII. Te Puna-a—Tara (spring). It is also called, according to Best, T[...]ault scarp (the Seatoun Fault)—above the middle of Worser Bay, Miramar, and a tiny stream still disc[...]were two separate springs serving the ancient pa of Te Whetu—kai—rangi (q.v.)—Te Puna—a—Tara located at the site given above, and the other, T[...]m the same steep face but nearer the northern end of Worser Bay and close to the eastern descent of Awa Road. If only one water—spring is referred[...]name indicates that it was ‘the spring (ptma) of Tara’ himself, the other name being a figurative allusion to a special quality of the out— gushing water. Shown on Map II. Te Pun[...]ck. This name prob- ably means ‘thc food basket of Tuteremoana’. It was a famous foka lmpuku or cod—fishing place at a sunken rock seaward of Barrett Reef, at the entrance to Wellington Harbour. Tutere— moana was a great—great—grandson of Tara and he is said to have lived at Rangitatau (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 174). Whatonga= Hotu—waipara (f) Tara
	[...]ugh Tuteremoana was certainly a direct descendant of Tara, the above genealogy (after Best) is abbreviated to the extent of several generations. Te Punga—Whangai—o-Tute[...]‘The lands about Moonshine’, 2—3 miles west of the Borough of Upper Hutt. ‘Also the name of the old native track from the Hutt Valley across the hills to Porirua Harbour’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 167). Putiki coastal benc[...]ce seems to have been located on the western side of Oterongo Bay. Shown on Map VI. Te Rae-akiaki. P[...]t, 8, Pt. 5, p. 166), at the entrance, east side, of Wellington Harbour. The meaning is given as ‘the headland where [t[...]4a. Te Rae-kai-hau headland. The literal meaning of the name is given as ‘the headland that eats the wind’, and is an example of a compound word in which a variation in syllable[...]74). Te Rae-kai—hau is ‘the western headland of Lyall Bay. This is one of the original [older] names [of the Wellington area], the Rae—kaihau [sic] of Thorndon is a modern Ngati—Awa name’ (Best, 1[...]ed point’—a less literal, descriptive meaning of this name, used by Best (compare preceding item).[...]sely built upon, overlooks the south- eastern end of Thorndon Quay, Wellington City, and forms part of the periphery of Haukawakawa ﬂat or terrace. Shown on Maps III,[...]y J. B. Palmer during an ethnological examination of Fitzroy Bay
	72 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA (between Pencarrow and Baring Head), consists of rock stacks and a reef projecting seaward, with traces of human occupation on the landward side. Best was u[...]s it at what is now known to be the true position of Tautoki’s Para—iigarehu pa. The amended position is 50 chains north—west of Baring Head. The name appears to mean ‘the promontory or coastal salient of Paua’, the last element being a personal name, but this, as Mr Palmer has agreed, may be a corruption of ‘Poua’, which would link this with the vernacular name of Baring Head (O-rua— Pouanui, q.v.). In ‘Te Ra[...]e boundary line be- tween Sections I and 78, west of Te Korokoro stream’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 167), south—west of Petone. Godber (in 23, p. 24) applies the name t[...]. According to Godber, Te Kapowai was an ancestor of Ngati-Kahungunu. Best’s spelling of this personal name (Kapawai, loc. cit.) in turn r[...]vol. I, sketch map p. 87) misplaces the location of Te Raho-o—Te Kapowai to a still greater degree, attaching the name to the hills behind (west of) Belmont, 4—5 miles north—east of the true position. This was probably the result of confusion of the name with another of somewhat similar syllabic form, viz., Pare-raho ([...]ern name. This was a fortiﬁed village just east of the Wainui- o—Mata [sic] stream’ (Best, 8, Pt[...]4), Te Raina was a fortiﬁed pa on the east bank of the Wainui—o—mata delta. As
	[...]LIEST PUBLISHED DETAILED ETHNOLOGICAL MAP qf part of the Wellington City district. Facsimile (3[...]
	[...]east ofPenem'rom Head ‘ » “ﬁt-1 6b. SITE OF OPUAWE (1), the former Te Ati—Awa villag[...]
	[...]73 mentioned above this spot coincides with one of the alternative sites suggested by Best and can b[...]ly as it would effectively com- mand the entrance of the Wainui—o—mata valley. Shown on Map I. Te Rama-a—paku pa. Situated on the top of the headland be— tween Ohau and Te Ika—a—Maru bays, on the outer western coast of the Wellington area (Best’s 1916 map (13) ). Later, the surrounding land was constituted a Native Reserve of 100 acres, but this appears to have since lapsed. The position of the pa is shown on Map VI. Te Ranga bill. In the suburb of Kilbirnie, a road known as Tirangi leaves Coutts Street and runs up on to the ﬂattened sum- mit of the small isolated hill behind the steam power st[...]ing ‘the sky’. Other more likely mean— ings of ‘rangi’ are available for the small geographi[...]robable original name for it. The leading meaning of the word ‘mnga’ used as a noun, as indicated[...]—ridge or rising ground in a plain’. In point of fact no more explicit description of the Tirangi Road hill could be given; that is precisely what it is. The Maori of former times was notable in possessing the faculty of exact observation and often gave place—names of precise description to landscape features. The li[...]impaired street name, can be taken as an example of this aptitude for correct description, thereby convey— ing to us the true form of this name. It is of interest to note that McLeod (38) sited a pa without name, but of which he apparently found material evidence, on the top of Te Ranga hill. The site would have been ideal for such a fortified position except for the matter of a natural water— supply, but the collection and storage of rain water in water- tight pits may have e[...]
	’74. THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA Te Ranga-a-Hiwi (ridge). ‘the hill—ridge of Hiwi’. It extends from Point Jerningham to above Houghton Bay on the outer coast. Hiwi was the son of Hine-kiri, a daughter of Tara, and famous chieftainess of Ngati—Hinewai hapu of Ngai—Tara. Hiwi lived in the old—time pa of Te Aka—tarewa (8, Pt. 5, p. 171), that stood on Mt Alfred, 520 ft, a peak of Te Ranga—a—I—Iiwi. The highest point of the ridge is Mt Victoria (Matai—rangi, Tangi—[...]ngi—a—I—Iiwi (e.g., the 4—inch street map of Wellington City). Shown on Maps I, III, VI, and,[...]u pa. Situated above Tarakena bay on the pinnacle of the bluﬂ~ west of Te Poti stream. Originally it was a Ngai-Taraof the site were plainly visible and charred remains of totara palisading were still in the ground. The nearby fortiﬁed village of Poito used Rangitatau as a citadel in times of stress. A large shell midden at the foot of the hill below Rangitatau citadel yielded many ar[...]m. Injune 19 56 the present writer examined both of these adjacent fortiﬁed positions and there see[...]seof their history they had passed into the hands of Ngati—Ira, successors to the Ngai—Tara constructors of Rangitatau and presumably of Poito as well. Both were destroyed by raiders fro[...]1819—20 (see Poito pa). In 1956 the earthworks of both (princip— ally terracing) were still intact, and traces of the shells of edible marine molluscs—paua, cockle (Chi[...]
	Tara’s time. The citadel area is small and slopes to the east; it has a series of small artiﬁcial terraces, all of short length, some straight but most crescentic i[...]hest point—about 14 in all. No lines indicative of former palisading can now be seen. The linked but less austere fortiﬁed position of Poito had its terrace—system laid out 011 a muc[...]angihanga—a—Kupe. Raukawa. ‘The native name of Cook Strait’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 177), and often referred to by the old—time Maori as ‘the sea of Raukawa’. See Key Map herewith for relative pos[...]nt writer cannot recall any published explanation of the origin of this name for the strait, though the reason for the name of the eponymous ancestor of the Ngati—Raukawa tribe is well known. Rau—manuka. A block of land at Waddington, Hutt Valley. It extends from the angle of Naenae Road (55 chains east—north— east of Naenae railway station) in a south—easterly dir[...]with ﬂax, crosses the head— water tributaries of the Waiwhetu, and runs up the lower slopes and spurs of the northward extension of Puke—atua hill—ridge. The block forms part of Section 42, Block X, Belmont Survey District, and[...]tail, with name, on Ref. Map WD. 2387, Department of Lands and Survey, Wellington. This place-name is[...]it is attached to a modern road, the northern end of Naenae Road. The oldest record of the name is shown as ‘Puia Rau Manuka’, 011 Brees’ map of 1845 (14). The first element of this extended form of the name may have referred to a conspicuous clump of bush (pm'a) that formerly grew there and which was the tino of the place. The full name can be tentatively translated as ‘the bush clump at the place of much manuka scrub.’ Rau—manuka land—block[...]u kainga. ‘A Ngati—Awa hamlet at the junction of Hobson Street and Fitzherbert Terrace, (8,[...]
	76 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA Another account puts Raurimu at the junction of Molesworth and Murphy streets, but according to Best this was the location of Kopae—parawai (q.v.). Raurimu was inhabited by[...]a and Ngati—Tama people. The cultivation ground of the former was adjacent to the nearby Tiakiwai stream, while that of the latter was on the lower slopes of Ahu—mairangi (Tinakori Ridge). Position shown[...]PARI—WHERO. Remu—taka range. The axial range of the southern end of the North Island, later and currently spelt Rimutaka, and bounding Te Whanga-nui—a—Tara and its surrounding lands, on the east. The name Remu—taka for this part of the mountain backbone of The Fish of Maui, does not seem to have become known to Europ[...]r its southern portion (Wilson, 55). The meaning of the current name, Rimutaka, has been given as ‘[...]crydium Cypressimtm)’, but as the original name of the range was ‘Remu-taka’, this interpretation, as applied to the range, cannot be correct. The meaning of the true form is said to be ‘lower edge, or border, of garment torn oﬁ"~an example of a typical Maori practice of sometimes naming a large geographical feature for[...]ng very large and momen— tous in the Maori mind of former days, when the mama of some great personage was involved. The principal peaks of the Rimutaka Range still bearing Maori names are:[...]g their origin. Some may be authentic Maori names of the actual peaks; others could be transfer[...]
	[...]S 77 Tapokopoko, which belongs to a large branch of the Mukamuka Stream, and Waimarama, the name of a small stream and of a former native settlement on Palliser Bay, a mile beyond Cape Turakirae. The highest peak of the range, Mt Matthews, 3079 ft, seems to have no known Maori name, either of authentic origin or one transferred to it by the[...]and Plate 29.. ‘Said to be so named on account of the quantity of rimurapa or bull kelp (D’Urm'lloea utilis)* fou[...]iramar peninsula bordering the south—east side of Evans Bay and extending southward on to the Kilbirnie isthmus. The Ngati—Hinepari hapu of Ngai—Tara occupied several (nameless) villages along this ridge, the sites of three being plainly discernible, as recorded by[...]P An isolated greywacke knob—an old sea—stack of the period of Motu—kairangi island (Fig. I)—stood off the south end of Rongotai ridge and was known in the early days of Wellington City as Rongotai Knob; it was blasted[...]otai ridge where not built over. One at the angle of Wexford Road contained the discarded shells of edible marine molluscs of the pipi (Amphidesma austmle) and the tuangi or c[...]yes, pers. comm.). These middens reveal something of the range of the bill of fare of local peoples in remote pre—European day[...]
	’78 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA Te Roto-kura (lake or lagoon). Literally, ‘the red lake’, a name indicating the widespread growth of the ﬁne—textured reddish water—weed commonly found on stagnant bodies of fresh water. This was the older name of the large shallow lagoon located in the interior valley of Miramar peninsula after the formation of the present Kilbirnie isthmus. Best considered Te Roto-kura to be a name of N gai—Tara origin, but if so it must have been given towards the termination of their regime, when Motu—kairangi island had bec[...]d into incipient peninsular form. With the advent of Te Ati—Awa it was renamed Para (Best, 8, Pt. 3,[...]ﬁeld called the lagoon Burnham Water. The area of Te Roto-kura or Para was 213 acres, but in parts[...]i—part lagoon, part swamp. The former position ofof beach between Paroro—rangi and Nga Uranga’ (B[...]5, p. 168; also, I 3), 011 the north—west shore of the harbour. It was a beach backed, as the name implies, by a steep hill—face. This beach and the remainder of this coast of the harbour have long since been buried beneath the Hutt Road and railway embank— ment. The position of Tahataha—roa (after Best) is shown on Maps I, VI.
	THE PLACE-NAMES AND SITES 79 Taipakupaku point. One of the rocky points enclosing Karaka Bay, at Miramar[...]more prominent feature, and Rangi— whaia, wife of Henry Te Puni, of Pito-one (q.v.), informed Elsdon Best that this w[...]nﬁrm that the name belonged to the southern end of Karaka Bay. The name is per- petuated (on the 4—inch map of Wellington City) as Taipakupaku, a street name located immediately above the southern point of the bay. In his earlier compilation of Miramar ethnology (3 8), McLeod has the usually n[...], but this may be only an accidental misplacement of the printed name. Shown on Map II, and Plate 8b. Taita bend (of Hurt River). Taita is a term which may and someti[...]t timber forming a snag or obstruction in the bed of a river.’ This name also occurs on the Manawat[...]ry acute bend or meander loop (north—north-west of Shannon), where drift timber tended to accumulate[...]—Iutt River, the original Taita was at the apex of a similar extremely sharp loop that formerly existed immediately south of the present position of Burcham Street (between Wingate and Taita railway stations). This was the time of Taita, but the name now has much wider and divers[...]au-rangi refuge. This seems to have been the name of a remote inland temporary settlement site located at the upper end of Kohanga—te—ra lagoon in the Rimutaka foothills east of Pen— carrow Head. The site is indicated on the Pencarrow Sheet, N164/6 (1945), ofof former occupation but possessing some peculiar features. It was certainly not of the nature of a fortiﬁed pa, and the most notable poin[...]
	80 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA Elsdon Best presumably alludes to this place in[...]ta lagoon’ (8, Pt. I, p. 163), or puts the site of Takapau—rangi at a lagoon he believed to exist[...]t’ and was prepared as a dwelling place in case of emergency for the women and children of Para—ngarehu pa. Para—ngarehu was the pa, founded by Tautoki, the brother of Tara, not at Pencarrow as given by Best, but at the eastern end of Fitzroy Bay (4, footnote p. 219 and map p. 218). The incorrect location of Para—ngarehu by Best may have been contributory to his ﬁxing the position of Takapau—rangi ‘at the head of Wainui- o—mata, a lagoon to the eastward of the Great Harbour of Tara’, instead of at the head of Kohanga—te—ra (in precisely the same area) as[...]founded on a misinterpretation. The lower course of the Wainui—o-mata River has anabranches, i.e.,[...]ing the main course and thereby enclosing an area of dry land. In error, one of these stream-enclosed areas may have been shown o[...]ch in turn became confused with the more easterly of the two actual lagoons behind Fitzroy Bay, namely[...]unnamed old occupation site or refuge at the head of Lake Kohanga—te—ra. Takapu cultivation (I). This was located in the valley of the Porirua Stream (originally, Kenepuru, q.v.), in the vicinity of the present Takapu Road. The patch of land here was claimed by the chief, Te Patu-kawenga, of Te Ati—Awa, when that Taranaki tribe acc[...]
	THE PLACE-NAMES AND SITES 81 the Te Whanga—nui—a—Tara area and drove out Ngati—Ira. At the above plac[...]pu tenei’, (‘this is my belly’, i.e., place of food supply). Te Poki, a Ngati—Mutunga chief of the same incursion, per- formed a similar ceremon[...]he Hutt River, on its left bank about one—third of a mile upstream from the junction of the Belmont Stream. Later changes in the course of the river have completely transformed the site, w[...]d it on the hill— ridge (Seatoun Heights) south of the pa. His account (8, Pt. I, p. 168) of an attack on Te Whetu—kai—rangi gives support[...]ream. This appears to have been the original name of the present Owhariu Stream. The name, Owhariu, wa[...]but to a considerable area about the lower course of Makara Stream and inland of Owhariu Bay (Makara Beach), and the name later be[...]d to the present Owhariu, which is a major branch of the Makara. The name, Takarau, as belonging to the present Owhariu, is to be found on a plan of Section 39, Block III, Port Nicholson Survey Dist[...]alternative names mean: ‘the wail— ing party of Kupe’, and, ‘the rank or row of Kupe’, respectively. Barrett Reef lies longitudinally in the main entrance to Wellington Harbour formerly known as Te Au—a—Tane, which it sepa[...]Ma—angiangi (Chaffer’s Passage). It is a reef of rocks extending for half a mile above sea-[...]
	82 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA rocks for a further quarter of a mile. (see Otumaururangi, and Te Punga—whanga[...]ap I. Tangi—te-keo. The later name for the peak of Mt Victoria (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. I71), the original name of which was Matai—rangi (gm). Best suggested that[...]that the name may have the rather literal meaning of ‘the wailing sound [of the Wind] on the hill— top’. On the other han[...]nects it with the taniwha that tried to break out of Wellington Harbour by way ofKilbirnie isthmus. It failed to do so, assumed the form of a bird, and ﬂew to the top of Mt Victoria (thereby giving that peak this name),[...]till be heard at times and be taken as the shriek of the wind on the heights. Kco means both ‘a pointed peak’ and ‘screech ofof the taniwha bird] on the peak’, or alternatively, ‘the sound of a bird’s screech’, the latter keeping more cl[...]Te Taniwha. ‘An unlocated place on or near the harbour shores’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 172). See also Koko[...]he distant past and originally came from the site of a famed tapu house, Whate- . kura, at Hono—i—[...]wn by Best’s 1916 map, this island was the site of a small pa, a refuge of Ngati—Ira following the Te Ati—Awa invasion of Te Whanga—nui—a—Tara (Smith, 51, p. 410). Burnt oven stones, a shell m[...], and Plates 3a and 7b. Tapu-te-rangi pa. A site of doubtful acceptance, recorded by Crawford (29) on his plan of Miramar peninsula of 1872, as
	[...]. This name can hardly be other than a corruption of the name of the island at Island Bay (especially as Crawford[...]ect form, Tapu—te—ranga, in the text (p. 399) ofof Miramar peninsula (3 8), but this seems merely a repetition of Crawford’s mistaken identiﬁca- tion. See also[...]Tarakena bay. ‘The ﬁrst bay immediately west of Palmer Head. Site of original pilot station’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 174[...]lmnne 979993: FIG. 3. Sketch map ofthe sites ofﬁirmerfortified positions at Tamleena (my[...]
	84 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA Te Poti stream ﬂows into this bay (Fig. 3) which was the loca— tion of two former fortiﬁed positions dating from the times of Ngai—Tara, namely, Poito palisaded village, and Rangitatau pa, its citadel (qq.v.). The name of this bay was spelt ‘Tarakina’ by McLeod (3 8)[...]ri-kaka peak. This appears to be the correct form of the name of the high summit behind Khandallah, usually called[...]a Hill. The latter is apparently a shortened form of the original name, which indicated a place where[...]William Swainson, Esq., F.R.S., an early resident of Lower Hutt, with the caption, ‘Te Puni’s new[...]’ It is correct that Te Puni moved the position of Pito-one pa a little distance inland (Pito—one,[...]e Tatau—o—te—po is stated to have been a pa of earlier establish— ment than Pito—one but is believed to have been also under the jurisdiction of Honiana Te Puni, the chief of Pito—one in his de— clining years. Its site was at the present position of Nevis Street, Petone (Mrs G. Te Waari, pers. comm.), about 8 chains west of the original Pito—one pa, whereas the second site of the latter was on the lower course of Te Tuara—whati—o—Te Mana stream. This was about a quarter of a mile northward of its ﬁrst position, and close to where Petone West school now stands. The name of the earlier pa is perpetuated by Te Tatau—o—t[...]uated on the Main Hutt Road near the intersection of Beaumont Avenue, and erected in 1934. Te Tatau—o—te—po pa—site, also the position of its commem- orative meeting house, are shown on M[...]the still extant karalea grove on the cliffed end of the ridge running down to Te Rimurapa (Sinclair H[...]a pa, which must have been a small one on account of the steep slopes.
	[...]to the Ngati-Mamoe people who were given by Ngai-Tara the right of occupation there. See Pahua. _ Position of Taumata-patiti shown on Map VI. Tawatawa ridge and kainga. ‘The range [of hills] between Island Bay valley [Pae-kawakawa] a[...]The trig station, Flag No. 3, 581 ft, is a summit of Tawatawa ridge, which extends northward to link w[...]ground at Vogeltown and Brooklyn. Also, the name of a ﬁshing village on Island Bay between Cliff House and the south-west point of the bay (H. M. Christie, pers. comm). The ridge[...]Sound. He had made an enquiry regarding the name ofof the distant coast. How— ever, the name stuck and became, ﬁrst the name of the pre— cipitous south—western salient of the North Island coast, but later, with greater restriction, the point of that salient, the modern Cape Tcrawhiti. The full range of past and present spellings for the name of this coast and headland is remarkable: Te Ra—wh[...]m. A small stream that rose near the northern end of the present Fitzherbert Terrace (at Thornd[...]
	86 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA harbour at the former beach, Te One-i—Haukawakawa, now marked by Thorndon Quay. The ﬂow of water was very meagre, hence the name ‘waiting[...]e (or origin— ally an alternative lower course) of the adjacent larger Whaka— hikuwai stream, the later diversion of the main ﬂow of water into the latter being caused by a blockage at the head of the incised lower course. The map of Port Nicholson prior to 1840, published by S. Per[...]leainga. ‘Thc Ngati—Awa hamlet near the mouth of the little canyon’ (8, Pt. 5, p. 169) of the Tiaki—wai stream. The name of the village was derived from the stream, which pr[...]u—mairangi, for the hill—ridge above and west of the road. Shown on Maps I, IV, V. Tiwamata. A place ‘on a slope above the reclaimed land near the site of the old Thorndon railway station’ (44). This n[...]ferring to a cleared area) on the ‘mata’ (top of the low sea—cliff there). The location perhaps would be towards the eastern side of the present suburb of Wadestown, in the Vicinity of Sefton Street or Watt Street. Tiwamata (or[...]
	[...]e Point. Said to have been named after a daughter of Kupe’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 176). The ground for[...]personal name is included in the vernacular name of the rock. It was a tolza ti pm: or ‘demon rock[...]name indicates, it was believed to have the power of moving (ham) its position from time to time. This rock is the largest unit of a reef extending a mile seaward from a small rocky promontory just east of the mouth of the Karori Stream. Its supposed power of movement was presumably due to optical illusion caused by the occasional effects of mirage and haze. Shown on Map VI. Toms Rock. See TOKA—HAERE. Tuhinapo. ‘A place just west of Waiariki [Stream], (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 176), whic[...]itable for such a use, a tuhinapo being some form of sacred place. The location, as indicated by Best on his 1916 map, was about 30 chains west of Waiariki Stream and apparently close to the seash[...]xed; one on the south—east coast near the mouth of the Manga—wharariki Stream, the other on the top of the western cliffs a quarter of a mile north of Tutere-moana trig station. Tribes and Peoples of Te Whanga—nui-a—Tara. The following is a summary of the succession of traditional inhabitants of the area :— Waitaha—archaeological evidence[...]st, 6, pp. 109, 119, and 8, Pt. 1, p. 7). Ngai—Tara—an offshoot of Rangitane. Ngati—Mamoe—contemporary occupiers of part of Ngai- Tara
	88 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA Te Ati-Awa and allies. Godber (in 23, p. 21) gives the following as the successive inhabitants of the harbour environs; this may be regarded as supplementary t[...]i—Awa Te Tuahiwi-o-Raukawa. ‘The shoal-ridge of Raukawa (Cook Strait ’. Thc): sea of Raukawa, i.e., Cook Strait, was to the Maori, a t[...]ght, and only the most carefully conducted ritual of a tohunga could release it. The eyes of all the travellers must be veiled lest they looke[...]as also banned. The shoal area was in the middle of Cook Strait, in the deepest part, and the surroun[...]nown as Fisherman’s Rock, located in the middle of and deepest part ofof the Soil Survey Bureau, of another submerged rock or shoal between }[...]
	[...]STHMUS INJANUARY 1913. (1) Hue—te—para beach (of Lyall Bay); (2) Te Ranga hill; (3) Rongotai ridge; (4) site of Manpiiia PA; (5) site of Te Whetn—leai—rangi PA; and (6) site of
	of Kapiti in the ban against observa— tion from ca[...]e Mana stream. ‘A place on Section 3, just west of railway and north of the Roman Catholic Cemetery [at Petone]’ (8, Pt[...]fers the name to the small gully at the lower end of Korokoro Road. The translation of the name is: ‘the broken backbone of Te Mana’, adding that Te Mana was a chief of Ngati—Kahungunu. Mr Wi Hapi Love (pers. comm.[...]Mana, in his youth as attached to a small cluster of Maori whnre (5) located at the present position of the Petone West School (about 12 chains north-east of Petone railway station) where the stream from the gully then turned south to reach the harbour not far from the original site ofof Palliscr Bay’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 165). The nam[...]ular headland (me) where the main range (Hmtmiwi) of Remu— taka (Rimutaka) comes down (turgid) to sea—level—a precise and accurate description ofof water be— tween it and Pinnacle [or Stee[...]
	90 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA Remembering that in Kupe’s time Miramar was an[...]ding place must have been at What is now the rear of Seatoun ﬂat (Marae-nui, q.1/.). This fact does not aH'eCt the accuracy of the tradition in any way; it merely serves to correct our impres— sion of the local conditions at that remote period. Kupe[...]d on an abrupt shore just inside the northern end of the Point Dorset subsidiary hill—ridge and stoo[...]its harsh and rugged edges. The building forward of the present wide ﬂat on which Seatoun has been built belongs to a later period in the evolution of Miramar peninsula (see Fig. 2). The approximate position of Te Turanga-o—Kupe is shown on Fig. I and on Map[...]Tawatawa ridge that divides Island Bay from that of Owhiro broadens out into a succession of hilltops to form the high ground on which the suburbs of Vogeltown and Brooklyn are situated. The meaning of the name has been given as ‘waving plumes of a war—party’. Position shown on Map III. Turere stream. A right—bank tributary of the Orongorongo River entering about 7 miles upstream from the sea. It skirts the eastern side of Mt McKerrow, and the name is given 011 Brees’ survey of 1845 (14). This name as attached to the same trib[...]ntries map (1927), and also appears on Sheet N164 of the 1—inch Topographic Series (1950). Tutae-nui[...]8, Pt. 5, p. 170). It rose in the present Church of England cemetery on the north side of Bolton Street, reached Bowen Street, and entered the harbour close to where the Ceno— taph stands, the line[...]name on Section 5 [on the north—western border of the harbour] between Papaka—whero [on Section 6] and[...]
	[...]ys up to European times whales entered Wellington Harbour and were captured there. Being a lookout place, Tutai—weera was high up on the slopes of Te Wharau ridge above Kaiwharawhara and below the[...]VI. Te Upoko—o-Te Ika—a—Maui. ‘The Head of the Fish of Maui’. ‘A name applied to the southern part of the North Island’ (Best, 6, p. 109 and footnote), and thus including the Te Whanga—nui— a—Tara (Wellington Harbour) territory. The only speciﬁed feature of ‘the head of the fish’ outside the area under review, is Lak[...]ppropriately to designate the Wellington City and Harbour district. Te Upoko-o-te—poaka (or,-Te Poaka). ‘A place on Section 2, just north of Petone [railway station]’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 1[...]a hilltop site on or near Singers Road, a branch of Korokoro Road, on the western hills above the Western Hutt Road. The final part of the name is probably a personal one, and if so sh[...]tal initials—Te Upoko—o-Te Poaka, ‘the head of Te Poaka’. Approximate position shown on Map VII. Uruhau pa. ‘A stockaded village of Ngai-Tara, on the hill at Island Bay, eastern side of valley, overlooking the beach’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5,[...]’. The chief was Pakau, and the principal house of the pa was named Te Maioha M. Christie, pers. co[...]on having so far discouraged European development of the area. Position shown on Maps 1, III,[...]
	92 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA Urupa Te Puni. The cemetery of the Te Puni family, on the eastern side of Te Puni Street, Petone, and a short distance north of The Esplanade. It contains tombstones sacred to the memory of Honiana Te Puni, paramount chief of Te Ati-Awa of Pito— one pa at the time of the arrival of the New Zealand Company’s settlers, and to some of his descendants. The umpa is placed approximately on the site ofof Ngati-Tama notorious for his hostility to the inc[...]the old McMenamin homestead [about one mile west of Tongue Point]. A Ngati—Awa village near the mouth of this stream was known as Pirihira’ (Best, 8, Pt[...]fall). ‘A small waterfall [on north- west coast of harbour] about at Section 17 between Te Korokoro and Nga[...]stream at the Horokiwi Quarries, three—quarters of a mile south of Koro— koro Stream. Despite recent extensive qua[...]main highway. The name appears to mean ‘stream of the whitewood tree or mahoe (Melicytus ramiﬂoms[...], but is a well—known place-name in the Porirua Harbour district, though even there its present form is now a corruption of the original Horo—kiri (see Best’s 1916 map). The position of Wai—hinahina is shown on Maps 1, VI. Te Wai—hirere pa. A stockaded village of Ngai—Tara on Point Jerningham. Levelled hut—sites marked[...]te has been given variously as: near the position of the present Anglican church beside the upper bend of Carlton Gore Road (8, Pt. I, p. 162); and, about
	[...]gushing water’. Heavy rain and a copious ﬂow of surface storm water occurred while the pa was being constructed; this ﬂood of water swept over the site (a point favouring the one adopted) and caused great temporary havoc, hence the name. Wai-kiekie. ‘A[...]with the one rising near Jubilee Road, just north of Paerau (Kaiwharawhara East trig station), and flow- ing to the harbour, parallel to Amritsar Road, at Rangiora Avenue.[...]Wai—kohu (stream). Apparently the original name of the present West Karori Stream (8, Pt. 5, p. 175). This is the large tributary of the Karori at the upper end of South Makara Road, which as Best has pointed out[...]ment] near [the former little Te Ati—Awa kainga of ] Opuawe’ (loc. cit). Shown on Map VI. Wai—[...]mation has come to hand to make known the nature of this place. Its position, as deﬁned by Best, is[...]ou (stream). A small stream formerly entering the harbour at the old shoreline near the lower end of Boulcott Street (8, Pt. 5, p. 170). It rose on the south-east slopes of Puke- hinau (now the Town Belt above the top of Ghuznee Street— Bastings, 5, plan, and personal[...]pelling, and is given as meaning ‘bathing place of forest birds’. What is claimed to be the true meaning of the name is ‘tui stream’, in which case it sh[...]Still another version gives the meaning ‘stream of the morepork (leoukou)’, and the exact s[...]
	94 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA course close to the present junction of Willis and Manners streets. There the birds came[...]ing the discussion back to the ﬁrst explanation of the name oHered. Shown on Maps IV, V. Te Wai—[...]s into Cook Strait a mile and three-quarters west of Sinclair Head. Christie (pers. comm.) deﬁnitel[...]m, and Best’s 1916 map puts it on the east bank of this stream and just inside the beach, where ther[...], semi—isolated rocky spur-end—a site capable of easy defence. Shown on Map VI. Wai—ma—moko[...]present Mill Stream, the major right-bank branch of the Owhariu (Takarau, 91.12.), and shown on Brees’ map of the Wellington district, dated 1845 (14). The older maps, such as this, are not notable for the accuracy of spelling and form of the Maori place—names they record, and the above spelling and division of this name may not be a true rendering, though it perhaps could be. No other record of this name is known, nor has any other Maori name[...]his very lengthy stream which only has the status of a tributary, although con— siderably longer than the course of the current main headwaters of the Owhariu, its nominal trunk. There is, therefo[...]ap VI. Wai-mapihi (stream). ‘The original name of Te Aro Stream, ﬂowing from Polhill’s Gully (A[...]to the beach near the Royal Oak Hotel [i.e., east of Cuba Street and just south of Manners Street]’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. I70). Mapihi was a chieftainess of Ngai-Tara and Ngati—Mamoe (which seems to indicate interm[...], who used to bathe in a pool on the upper course of this stream, hence the name, ‘stream of Mapihi’. Shown on Maps III, IV. Wai-mi[...]
	THE PLACE-NAMES AND SITES 95 This must of necessity be the stream that rises in Mt Cameron and flows into the upper end of Kohanga—piripiri lagoon. Recent ofﬁcial maps show this stream as ‘Cameron Stream[...]r name he had recorded elsewhere; it has a length of about two miles. The only alternative to this id[...]carrow Head and draining into the south-west side of Kohanga—piripiri, but it seems much too insigni[...]he Rimutaka (Remu—taka) foot- hills on the east of Wellington Harbour. The name of this river is of special interest in demonstrating the keen observation of the old—time Maori for any landscape feature of unusual distinction or distinguishing quality. Wh[...]parts for etymological study, the ﬁnal element of this name is often incorrectly written with a cap[...]reference to the abnormal extensive swampy floor of the north-west branches of this valley—system due to the back—tilting of the upper course of the river during the late orogenic uplift of the Rimutaka Range (25, pp. 140-1, Plate 32, ﬁg[...]nal name involved, and forms a remarkable example of selective description embodied in simple but conc[...]Map I. Wai—paekaka (stream). The correct name of the small stream at Pakuao kainga, formerly located above the end of Tinakori Road, at Thorndon (8, Pt. 5, p. 169). I[...]res were set’, and it received the name because of this employment there. Shown on Maps IV, V.
	96 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA Wai-pahihi (stream). According to Best, this was one of the streams ﬂowing into Cook Strait in the Terawhiti area, ‘the mouth of which faces Arapawa [Island], (8, Pt. 2, p. 2). No stream on the Wellington side of the strait fulﬁls this description (which in any case is too vague to be of much value), but Wai—pahihi on other evidence, seems to have been the original name of the stream now known as the Karori. The large western branch of the Wai—pahihi (Best gives ‘eastern branch’[...]n— formation undoubtedly conﬁrms the identity of the former Wai— pahihi with the present Karori.[...]that took its rise on the south—eastern. slopes of Mt Victoria. It had two main headwater branches, one of which followed the gully below the northern end of Alexandra Road, past the eastern portal of the Hataitai tram tunnel. The other branch commen[...]outlet was at Kilbirnie Crescent, the then shore of this part of Evans Bay, but to facilitate the reclamation of the Kilbirnie Recreation Ground its course was di[...]formed, and at its present month an accumulation of soil and stones is tending to cover the sandy bottom of the bay at the bathing sheds (19). Restoration of the course of the original stream, now almost completely built[...]moderate-sized stream reaching the sea just west of Pari—whero (Red Rocks) and between that place a[...], p. 7). This is the only stream on this section of the coast of Cook Strait and is shown on Map VI. Wai-piro (st[...]y Street (8, Pt. 5, p. 170). It reached the shore of the
	THE PLACE-NAMES AND SITES 97 harbour between Molesworth Street (south end) and the Cenotaph (Bastings, 5, plan). A pool of stagnant water accumulated inside the beach at it[...]g ‘evil—smelling water.’ The original form of the name appears to have been Te Wai Piro (14), o[...]V. Waitaha kainga or pa. ‘On the western shore of Lyall Bay’ (Best, 8, Pt. 4, p. 105), near the s[...]t. 5, p. 174). Probably located in the lower part of the little valley at the present Hungerford Road,[...]e Road to the Basin Reserve, thence down the line of Cambridge and Kent Terrace to the beach near the eastern end of Courtenay Place. The stream was frequently ponded[...]this periodically broke away and emptied into the harbour. On 4 May 1853, this occurred, and peat islets with ﬂax rooted on them ﬂoated out into the harbour (8, Pt. 5, p. 171). Other details of this now vanished stream—system are shown carto[...]lan). It rose in pools in What is now the grounds of Wellington Hospital, and lower down its course received several tributaries from the western slopes of Te Ranga—a—Hiwi ridge (Mt Victoria ridge). Shown on Map 111. Wai-titi. A place ‘at foot of Charlotte Street [now the southern end ofMolesworth Streetl—west end ofof the beach from Bowen Street to Hotel Cecil, and s[...]ter’. If this is correct, the local application of ‘Wai—titi’ may be taken as the name of a length of sea—beach of wet shining sand kept wet hereabouts by seepage w[...]shown on Map V. Wai—tohi (stream). The old name of the stream now called
	98 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA Nga Uranga, but originally Nga Uranga was restri[...]Crawford has given (30, p. 46) a good description of the ‘Ngahauranga’ (Wai—tohi) stream as it was in the early days before the dispersal of Maori settlement there and the removal ofof a particular shade of red (wherowhero, ‘reddish brown, or orange’),[...]pool overgrown by a water—weed or an algal scum of a reddish colour. Such a pool to which this name[...]small lagoon at one time located on the left bank of the original course of the Hutt River near the old Boulcott homestead and immediately north of the present position of Hathaway Avenue. But a number of other possible sites for Wai—wherowhero must have been not un— common features of the water—logged lower alluvial plain of the Hutt River in bygone days. Wai-whetu (stream). Drains the eastern side of the Hutt valley plain. Prior to the 1855 earthqua[...]ly what may be termed a ‘ﬂood distributary’ of the Hutt River, part of its ﬂow being derived from the Hutt River when in ﬂood, the overﬂow of the Hutt occurring near the lower end of Taita Gorge (35, p. 36). The course of the Wai—whetu is shown on Maps 1, VII, but the[...]ave been used only for the lower one or two miles of the stream. Wai-whetu pa. A Te Ati—Awa pa situated on a sandy spit of land projecting into an estuary formed by the joint debouchures of the Hutt, the Wai—Whetu, and other sluggish watercourses of
	[...]99 the period; it was in occupation at the time of the arrival of the European settlers in 1840. It is recorded t[...]newcomers by a repulsive tragedy. ‘In the midst of the bustle and confusion caused by the arrival of so many vessels and by attempts to locate friends[...]settlers were startled by the news that the body of Puakawa, chief of the pa at Wai—whetu, had been found dreadfully[...]ever discovered’ (35, pp. 14—15). A cemetery of the descendants of the older inhabitants of this pa now marks the site on which it stood; this, in terms of modern development of the area, is on the south—west side of the northern end of Seaview Road, and adjacent to the present mouth of the Waiwhetu Stream. Shown on Maps 1, VII. Ward Island. See MAKARO. Wellington Harbour. See TE WHANGA—NUI—A—TARA, TE WHEKE—NUI—A—TARA, TE WHANGA—NUI—o-OROTU, and TE AU—A-TANE. Te Wera. ‘A place [on the coast] just west of Baring Head’ (8, Pt. 5, p. 165). and shown on Best’s 1916 map about 50 chains north of Baring Head. According to Fitzgerald (33, p. 4),[...]Bay, marked by a small well, that bears the name of a warrior of Ngati—Mutunga, slain there by Te Retimana, a wa[...]s frequently happened in former times for persons of note), and is not in any way descriptive of local features or conditions. J. B. Palmer (pers. comm.) fixes this site about 25 chains north of Baring Head on the grounds that it is marked by a cave bearing unmistakable signs of former human habitation. Amended position of Te Wera (after Palmer) is shown on Map l. Whakahikuwai stream (1). A stream rising on the eastern slopes of Ahu—mairangi (now Tinakori Ridge), crossing the[...]e Hobson Street gully), and formerly reaching the harbour
	100 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA at Te One—i—Haukawakawa beach (now defined b[...](2). ‘A place on Section 16, on the north side of White’s Line’ (8, Pt. 5, p. 167). This was cl[...]w stands, on the Main Hutt Road near the junction of Hume Street. The name has also been given (3 5, end map) as ‘Whakahawai’, with the meaning ‘turning of water’, but neither ‘whakaha’ nor ‘whakahiku’ appears to have the meaning of ‘turning’ or ‘to cause to turn’ as seems[...]nation and the presumably incorrect iso— lation of the syllable ‘wai’ as a separate element may[...]in common, the former referring to the ‘source of a stream’, the latter to a ‘watercourse or stream channel’. The topographic position of this place—name—at the foot of the western hills ofof a water—wheel. Such a suggestion would perhaps ﬁt the facts of the spot named and provide the reason for the rather loose meaning, ‘turning of water’, cited above. Wakanui stream. A right—bank tributary of the Orongorongo River, joining about 8% miles ups[...]a. Probably a mutilated name. Te Whanga-nui-a—Tara (Wellington Harbour). ‘The Great Harbour of Tara’ Map I, and Plates I and 2). Tara was the elder son of Whatonga; he became the eponymous ancestor of the Ngai—Tara tribe who traditionally were the ﬁrst people to permanently occupy the Wellington Harbour area :— Hotu-waipara (I):Whatonga: Reretua (2):Poa—tautahinga (3) a l l . . l . Tara Tautokl Rere—ki—taiarl l Rangitane ([...]
	THE PLACE-NAMES AND SITES IOI Te Whanga—nui-a—Tara is traditionally the original name of the harbour, there being no record of Kupe having named it on the occasion of his visit (6, p. 111). Other less famous titles w[...]metimes it was referred to as Te Wheke—nui— a-Tara in commemoration of the great squid or octopus, Te Wheke—o~Muturangi, pursued across the Great Ocean of Kiwa, from Rarotonga (probably) to Aotearoa, by K[...]iti (French Pass). The name, Te Wheke—nui—a—Tara, for Wellington Harbour may have been prompted by the shape of its outline which could be deemed to resemble that of a whelee or octopus. Another alternative name, Te Whanga—nui—o—Orotu, seems to have been given to the harbour by the section of Ngati—Mamoe who were co-occupiers of the area by consent of and, in part, contemporaneous with, Tara’s people. Orotu was a leading chief of Ngati-Mamoe in their original Heretaunga territor[...]er, by the incoming Ngati—Mamoe, for Wellington Harbour, but its application to the latter stretch of water was apparently of only limited and temporary usage. An item of Maori folk—lore asserts that the harbour was formed by or perhaps only served as the abode of taniwha(s), at least two of them—monsters of huge size and saurian aspect; their reputed names[...]). The ﬁrst-known European vessel to enter the harbour was the Rosmma, commanded by Captain James Herd, in 1826. Capt. Herd named the harbour Port Nicholson, after Captain John Nicholson, the harbourmaster at that time of Sydney, New South Wales. Herd also made an excellent map of the harbour, the original of which is preserved in the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington (11). The name, Te Whanga—nui—a—Tara, has the active form of ‘of’, i.e., ‘a’, which shows that Tara was accredited with the formation of the harbour or that he discovered it; this is pointed out by S. Percy Smith (50, p. 153). Since, however, he (Tara) did neither of these things, the form of the name seems to have been of the nature of a compliment to him and a tribute to his mam.
	102 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA In its primeval state the Great Harbour of Tara must have been one of Nature’s masterpieces. Spacious and deep with w[...]fying its surface, it made a veritable inland sea of beauty and plenty. The surrounding hills were cov[...]ing ridge on ridge, included: Remu—taka, a part of the backbone of the Fish of Maui, the range deﬁning the eastern horizon; Puke-atua, bounding the lower valley of the Hutt on its eastern side; Maungaraki and Pare[...]Papararangi, rising above the north— west side of the harbour; Ahu—mairangi (now known as Tinakori Ridge); Te[...]xtending southward to the outer coast. Only parts of Te Ranga—a—Hiwi, of Whataitai (Miramar), Te Aro ﬂat, and the shoreward border of Heretaunga (Hutt) valley plain were more or less[...]streams ﬂowed in many places where none worthy ofof the people for sixteen and two miles respectively. Bird life was abundant. The bush teemed with a variety of feathered folk. Flocks of wild—fowl frequented the beaches, especially at[...]i—tangi (Te Aro). The seas supplied a multitude of ﬁsh. Te Whanga—nui-o-Orotu. Originally the name of the former Ahuriri Lagoon at Napier, Hawke’s Bay, given in honour of Orotu, eminent chief of the Ngati—Mamoe in remote times. The name was transferred and attached to Wellington Harbour (8, Pt. 3, p. 69; 6, p. 111), presumably by Ngati[...]d) occupation in the area a little after the time of Tara. Te Wharangi ridge or range of hills. The high ridge, west of Karori, Ngaio, and Johnsonville, with Makara Peak[...]), 1,465 ft, and others, extending from the forks ofHarbour (see Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 177).
	THE PLACE-NAMES AND SITES 103 It was crossed (just north of British Peak) by the old Maori track from Thorndo[...]o a ‘broad open space’, and is also the name of the tree Melicope ternata, and is an alternative[...]hese senses give no clue to the local application of the name. Te Wharau ridge. ‘The range [or ridge[...]Porirua’ (8, Pt. 5, p. 168). The track was one of several old Maori routes leading westward from the harbour, but the line of the one referred to here is not detailed by Best.[...]inking up with the Korokoro track. On the summit of Te Wharau ridge at the crossing place was Paerau,[...]recognized resting place, commanding a wide view of the harbour. This point is now the Kaiwharawhara East trig st[...]t. Shown on Maps I, VI. Whare—raurekau. ‘Name of a place between Owhiro and the Red Rocks, or Pari[...]was given. H. M. Christie, however, noted traces of a former occupation site about 25 chains west of the Runaround, and wrote: ‘the site of a very ancient Maori kainga, probably Whare—rau[...]‘An unlocated place on or near the [Wellington] harbour shores’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 173). Nothing further known. Whataitai. See Hataitai. Te Wheke-nui-a-Tara. One of the three vernacular names for Wellington Harbour, meaning ‘the great whelee or octopus of Tara’. The other names for the harbour were: Te Whanga—nui—a—Tara, and Te Whanga—nui—o—Orotu (44.12.). Te Wh[...]med [according to Best] from a land—selling act of Wi Tako’ (8, Pt. 5, p. 167).
	104 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA Though this name, as that of a land—block, has been attributed to Wi Tako Ngatata in post—European times, it was of much earlier origin, dating from the incoming of the Te Ati—Awa invaders. It was the place where[...]rd to reconnoitre for the assault on Ngutu-ihe pa of Ngati—Ira (6, p. I 5 5). In the 1870’s, Te Whenua—ngaro was the home of Taniera Mann Love and his wife, Josephine Te Amo,[...]ove sen. was born there. Another eminent resident of those days at Te Whenua—ngaro, 011 the portion east of VVai—whetu stream, was Wi Hapi Pahau, a tohtmga of Te Ati—Awa (pers. comm. from Mrs G. Te Waari, Hana, daughter of Wi Hapi Love sen.). Te Whetu-kai—rangi pa. ‘The famous pa of Ngai—Tara situated on the ridge [Seatoun Heights] above Te Puna—a—Tara [at Worser Bay, Miramar]’ (Best, 8, Pt. 5, p. 1[...]idling track could have led down to Te Puna—a—Tara (‘the spring of Tara’) which furnished the water supply and was loca[...]cause ‘they [the occupiers] here saw no persons of other tribes, but dwelt in aloner manner, the stars [whetu] of the heavens [rangi] were the only things they had[...]e given (CE, Motu—kairangi). The approved site of the pa is shown on Maps 1, II, on Fig. I, and on[...](8, Pt. 5, p. 166). The name means ‘[the place of] many blue duck, whio (Hymenolaimus Ina/acorhynch[...]) mentions that Whio—rau was not only the haunt of numerous waterfowl, but that the beach there was also one of the favourite ﬁshing grounds, within the conﬁnes of the harbour, of the Ngati—Ira people. Shown on Map I.[...]
	[...]e name Mawaihakona (gm) attached to the position of Trentham railway station, or to land immediately west of it. Best’s brief reference to Whirinaki is the[...]le reference to it, and the re— spective claims of that name and the other cannot be determined with[...]). Wakeﬁeld Street, at the south-west boundary of Lower Hutt City area, marks the western part of White’s Line as far as the intersecting Hutt River. East of the river, a continuous road still known as White[...]Haywards Park Scenic Reserve, marks the remainder of the original survey line. Our present interest in White’s Line is an apocryphal account of its origin that is sometimes put forward. It has[...]uld hold land or have habitation. The institution of such an aukati is here disproved by the fact that[...]re were six European families in occupation south of White’s Line but ‘between sixty and a hundred’ in the supposed prohibited area north of it (35, p. 17). There is, however, evidence of an attempt to establish an aukati line across the Hutt Valley in the early days of European settlement, though not at White’s Line[...]place called Marae—nuka (a short distance north of the present position of Melling), little seems to have come of it. Taringa—kuri’s aukati thus seems to have been the basis of the confusion concerning White’s Line, because of the identification of the coincidental personal name with the ge[...]
	106 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA supposed reference to the incoming European sett[...]on Hill, Miramar]’ (8, Pt. 5, p. 174). Neither of these positions seems to have been available, unl[...]ested, therefore, that Whitikai was on the length of coast between the foregoing places, possibly Whe[...]the last in the alphabetically arranged catalogue of local Maori place—names we have been able to as[...]stematic list will stimulate the bringing forward of
	108 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA Main entrance harbour Maori Point trig stn Mill Stream Miramar Nga Ur[...]w Head Petone (borough) Polhill’s Gully Porirua Harbour Porirua Stream Red Rocks Pt Rimutaka Range Robins[...]ridge Vogeltown (suburb) Ward Island Wellington Harbour Te Au—a—Tane Puke—tirotiro Wai—ma-moko M[...]roro (cultivation) Makaro (To Whanga—nui—a—Tara Te Wheke—nui—a—Tara Te Whanga—nui—o—Orotu
	4. Area Maps of Wellington Harbour District Seven area maps of the Wellington Harbour District are printed on the following pages. The[...]vered by the several maps. A note on the division of the maps appears in the following page (p. 110). rua Harbour ‘/ \L' 'Pu'kc‘tah 3° /7 EAST BOUR‘NE /[...]' O {o“% Crongo C.Turaki-rac KEY TO AREA MAPS OF THE WELLINGTON HARBOUR DISTRICT 109
	A NOTE ON THE DIVISION OF THE AREA MAPS TO make possible the reproduction of the large Area Maps on a legible scale within the size limits of the pages of the book, thereby avoiding the use of awkwardly folding plates, it has been necessary to divide some of these maps into three sections. The legends to th[...]along which any map is divided have been cleared of place names to avoid the breaking Of a name or the separation of a name from the feature to which it relates. The[...]appear on the following pages :— 1. WELLINGTON HARBOUR AND SHORES (pp. 111, 112, 113) II. MIRAMAR PENINSULA (pp. 114, 115) III. ISLAND BAY TO LAMBTON HARBOUR ((p. 117, 118, 119) Iv. KARORI TO KAIWHARA[...]
	[...]u Tang'théa-a'ch} harm‘s R“? . o (93?: ‘3} of Rarity: Turk «HEP; .. “t rrc Ravanga -a—Kupe[...]:va. :1. Harp: Sim W o 7 MAP 1. WELLINGTON HARBOUR AND SHORES (Continued 0" two following Pages) MAP 1. (second part) WELLINGTON HARBOUR AND SHORES (continued from precedng puge) Based on 1927 County map , MAP I. (third part) WELLINGTON HARBOUR AND SHORES (continued) III . 112 113
	HARBOUR (“"1"an 0" “Wﬁ’llt’ll’mg Pages) [AP III (second part). ISLAND BAY TO LAMBTON HARBOUR (confirmed from preceding pag MAP 111 (third part). ISLAND BAY TO LAMBTON HARBOUR (continued) 117 118 119
	[...]es in text.) I ADKIN, G. L. Horowlzenna. (Memoir of the Polynesian Society, Vol. 26.). Wellington, 19[...]t Waitaha in the Horo- whenua—Te Whanga-nuj—a-Tara Area, North Island, New Zealand’. J. Polynes. S[...]50. 3 ANDERSEN, J. C. Maori Place-names. (Memoir of the Polynesian Society, Vol. 20). Wellington, 194[...]ington, 1948. 5 BASTINGS, L. ‘A Subsoil Survey of Wellington City’._]. N.Z. Inst. Architects, Dec. 1936. 6 BEST, ELSDON. ‘Te Whanga—nui-a-Tara: Wellington in Pre-pakeha Days’. J. Polynes. Soc., Vol. IO, pp. 107-165, 1901. 7 —— ‘Shell Middens of the Wellington District’. N.Z. ]. Sci. Tech, Vol. 1, pp. 84-90, 1918. 8 —— ‘The Land of Tara and They that Dwelt Therein’. ]. Polynes. Soc.,[...]123-133, 1917-1919. 9 Astronomical Knowledge ofof the Maori. Wellington, 1942. 13 BEST, E., McLEOD, H. N., and MASON, H. J. W. [Map of] Wellington Country District skewing Native Names[...]Wellington, 1916. 14 BREES, SAM. CHAS. [MS] Map of Country Sections in the Vicinity of Port Nicholson, New Zealand. Scale, 2 inches to a mile. Archives of N.Z. Dep. Lands and Survey. 15 BUCK, SIR PETER (Te Rangi-Hiroa). The Coming of the Maori. Maori Purposes Fund Board, Christchurc[...]1911. 17 [CARTER, C. R.] Life and Recollections of a New Zealona' Colonist. 3 vols. London, v[...]
	I30 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA 18 CASSELLS, J. J. In The Evening Post, 27 Sept.[...]es. Soc., Vol. 52, pp. 202-3, 1943. 23 COMMITTEE OF CITIZENS, Compiled by. Petone (Pita-one): First 1[...]The Warped Land-surface on the South-eastern Side ofof New Zealand. Wellington, 1910. 27 COWAN, J. ‘T[...], J. C. ‘Notes on Miramar Peninsula, Wellington Harbour.’ Trans. N.Z. Inst, Vol. 5, pp. 396-400, 1873. 30 —— Recollections of Travel in New Zealand and Australia. London, 1880[...]l. 17, pp. 342-5, 1885. 32 DOWNES, T. W. ‘Life of the Ngati—Kahungunu Chief Nuku-Pewapewa.’ Tra[...]71-3, 1905. ‘ 8 J Pictorial Postcard, No. 3 of Mirainar Series. Wellington, 1907. See also, M—, H. N. 1913. ‘Pre-Pakeha Occupation of Wellington District’. Journal of the Early Settlers and Historical Association of Wellington, 1 (3): 114-17. 39 MAORI AFFAIRS DEPARTMENT, Wellington, Files of 40 N.Z. Railways Magazine, Sept. 1934. 41 PALMER, B. ‘Notes on the Maori Sites in Eastern Wellington Harbour.’ ]. Polynes. Soc., Vol. 65, pp. 342-55,[...]
	[...]I 3 I 43 POMARE, MAUI, and COWAN, JAMES. Legends of the Maori. 2 vols. Wellington, 1930. 44 ‘PONEK[...]g Post, 1912. 45 POWELL, A. W. B. Native Animals of New Zealand. Auckland, 1947. 46 RAMSDEN, E. In Th[...]949. 48 SCHOLEFIELD, G. H. (Editor) A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. 2 vols. Wellington, 1940.[...]ed. Wellington, 1949. 50 SMITH, S. PERCY ‘Wars of the Northern Against the Southern Tribes of New Zealand in the Nineteenth Century, Part V.’[...]68, 1900. 51 —— Maori History and Traditions of the Taranalei Coast. (Memoir of the Polynesian Society, Vol. 1). New Plymo[...]
	[...]nning with Te are listed under the initial letter of the next component of the name. Aewa, Te, kainga, 10 Adelaide Road, 9[...], cave, I2 Andersen, J. C., 14, 54 Aohaeretahi, of Ngai Tara, 14 (genealogy), I7 Aotea Quay ramp, I5 Aotearo[...]logical evidence, 8, 47, 87 area treated, limits of, 9 Arei, Te, kainga, 13, 50 ariki (paramount ch[...]e, stream, 13, 94 Arthur, Point, 32 arule (root of Pteridium aquilinum var. esculentum), 1 Atiawa,[...]atua (supernatural being), 18, 23 Auatane, Te, harbour entrance, Pl. 1, 14, 81, 108 aukati (interdicted[...]Reserve, 21, 97 Bastings, L, 65, 69, 93, 97 Bay of Plenty, I4, 47 Beacon Hill, 16, 54, 59, 1[...]
	[...]7 Central Park, 42 Central Terrace, 33, 69 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA Chafer’s Passage, Pl. 1, 16, 34, 81, 107 Char[...]9, 42, 55, 59, 67, 68, 69.74.85.9I,94,Io3 Church of England cemetery, 9o citadel of pa, 74 Cliff House, 85 Cliff Pa, 60 Colonial K[...]05 Crawford, H. D., 38 Crawford homestead, site of, 41, Pl. 821 Crawford, James Coutts, 22, 25, 26,[...]t, 65 Days Bay, Pl. 1, 16,36, 51, 55, 107 delta of Hutt River, 58, 66 Dieffenbach, Dr E., 76[...]
	INDEX East Coast territory, 47 eel, varieties of, 61 Esplanade, The, Petone, 3o Etako, Upper, 16[...]ore Terrace, 52 Fisherman’s Rock, 88, 89 Fish of Maui, The, 76, 102 Fitzgerald, F. G., 60, 72, 99[...]99 Fleet, The, 47 Freyberg, Paul, 35 ‘funnel of the Paciﬁc’ (Cook Strait), 8 Gear Island, 42 geography, early knowledge of North Island, 7—8 Ghuznee Street, 93 Godber,[...]e kahawai), 16 hapu names, 21, 24 hapu (section of tribe, family group), 21 Harbour, main entrance of, 18, 107 Harukaikuru, 38 Hataitai, 18 Hataitai[...]. M., 38 Haywards Park Scenic Reserve, 105 Head of the Fish of Maui, The, 91 heke (invading group, war party),[...]rict), 7, 15, 101 Highbury suburb, 31 Hiha, Te, of Ngati Kahungunu, 55 Hikoikoi pa, 22 hikmuai (source of a stream), 100 hinau (tree, Elaeocarpus dentatus), 69 Hinds Point, 45 Hineakau, ongai-Tara, 58 Hinekiri, of Ngai-Tara, 44, 58, 74 Hiwi, of Ngai-Tara, 74 Hobson Street, 21, 57, 75 Hobson Street gully, 99 Home of Compassion, 57 Honoiwairua, in Hawaiki, 8[...]
	[...](North Island), 47 Ika a Maui, Te impounding of streams, 18, 30, 31, 5o, 97 Island Bay, 57, 64,[...]island-pa, 58 Island pa island-tying, process of, Fig. 2 islets, ﬂoating, 97 Ira-kai-putahi, 4[...]7 Jubilee Road, 93 Kaeaea, Te (Taringa—kuri), of Ngati- Tama, 25-6, 92 Kaeaea, Te (Taringakuri) of Ngati Tama Kahungunu, 12 kainga (open village)[...]26 Kaiwhatawhata Kaka Hill, 84 kakaho (culms of toetoe, Arundo [con- spicua), 5o kaka (native pa[...]apiti Island, Pl. 1, 27, 87, 88, 89 Kapowai, Te, of Ngati-Kahungunu, Ngati Kahungunu, 72 kar[...]
	INDEX Kent, Captain, 68 keo (a pointed peak, screech of a bird), 82 Kettle, Charles, 76 Keyes, Ian, 77[...]l. 1, 30, P1. 3b, 37, 108 Kirikiri Tatangi Kiwa, Great Ocean of, 36, 101 Koamaru Head, 88 Koekoe, 3o kohanga ([...]upe.5,6,13.35,36,39,42,64,81, 89-90, 101 Lambton Harbour, Pl. 2 Lambton Quay, 25, 34, 90 Levy Bui[...]
	[...], Te, 5, 36, Mana o Kupe ki Aotearoa, Mana, Te, of Ngati-Mutunga, 32, 89, Ngati Mutunga Manawa-kari[...]64 Manners Street, 13, 94 Mapihi, chieftainess of N gai—Tara and Ngati—Mamoe, 13, 94, Ngai Tara, Ngati Mamoe maps cited, principal, 3, 11, 12, 1[...]i, 42 Melling, 67, 105 meteor, personiﬁcation of, 18 metonymy, Maori, 32, 81 middens, Maori, 28,[...]6 Muaupoko reprisal raid, 42—3 Muaupoko tribe of Horowhenua, 47,57 Mulgrave Street, 46, 65 Murit[...]rn Street, 46 Native Reserves, 33, 73 Neke, Te, of Te Ati-Awa, 45, Te Atiawa Neki, Te, 45 Newtown, 97
	[...]Ngai-Tahu tribe, 8, 18, 68, 88, Ngai Tahu Ngai-Tara pa(s), 8, II, 74, 91, 92, 104, Ngai Tara pa Ngai-Tara tribe, 6, 8, 27, 36, 45, 67, 87, 100, Ngai Tara tribe Ngake (a taniwha), I4, 45, 101 Nga Kumiku[...]ha), 56 Nga Rerenga, Pl. 1, 45 Ngatata,Wi Tako, of Te Ati-Awa, 16, 33, 35, 45, 46, 52 66 (genealogy)[...]52 Omere hill-ridge, 49, 52, 59, 108 one (beach of sand), 53 Onehunga beach, 52-3 One-i-Haukawakaw[...]4, 59 Orongorongo River, 54, 6o, 90, 100 Orotu, of Ngati Mamoe, 101, 102 Oruaitipa, 55, Pl.[...]
	[...]liest earthworks in, 8, 23, 32 pa(s), earthworks of, 11, 74 pae (brow of a hill), 57 Paehuia summit, 57 Paekawakawa valley, 57, 107 Paengaharuru, of Rangitane, 26—7 Paerau hilltop, 58, 91, 103, 1[...](fortiﬁed place), 1, 2 Pahau,Wi Hapi, tolzimga of Te Ati- Awa, 104 Pahua area, 48, 59 palm =pehu (to bend and twist), 5 3 Paiaka Stream, 59 Pakau, of Ngai-Tara, 91 Pakuao kainga, 60, 95 palisading, 74 Palli[...](echo, 0r, echoing cliﬁ") 12 Parirua (Porirua Harbour) 5, 67, 68, 108 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA Pariwhero, Pl. 1, 5, 63, 108 Park Avenue, Naena[...], 64, Pl. 7b Patea, Inland, 44 PatukaWenga, Te, of Te AtiAwa, 46, 80—1 ' Patuone, 32 paua (sea-e[...]l in bestowin g, 7 place names, Maori, varieties of, 2 place names, meaning of, dependent on division, 44, 61-2, 71 place names, transferred, 76 place names, tribal origin of, 9 Poito pa, 8, 67, 68, Fig. 3, 106 Pokaimangum[...]Pokaimangumangu, Te, boundary mark, 67 Poki, Te, of Ngati Mutunga, 32, 46, 81 Polhill’s Gully, 64, 94, 108 Pomare, Maui, 45 Pomare, of Te Ati-Awa, 46
	INDEX Porirua Harbour, Pl. 1, 7, 29, 45, 67, 92, 102, 108 Porirua Stre[...]ti, Te, 68 Poua, or, Pouanui, 28, 55-6 Puakawa, of Te Ati-Awa, murder of, 99 Puharakeketapu battle-site, 68 Puhirangi pa[...]teremoana, Te, rock, Pl. 1, 70 Puni, Honiana Te, of Te Ati—Awa, 66, 84, 92 Puui,‘RangiWhaia Te,[...]track, 71 Putiki coastal bench, 71 Pu-whakaawe, of Te Ati-Awa, 21 Quarry Bluff, 45 Rae-akiaki, Te[...]Head), Pl. 1, P1. 41, 71, 108 me (headland, brow of hill), 89 Raekai-hau, Te, cliff salient, 65, 71[...]55, 71 Rahoo Te Kapowai, Te, 63, 72 Rahui, Te, of Ngai Tara, 40 raids from Wairarapa, 64 Raina, Te, pa, 72[...]Raukawa house, 74 Raumanuka, 75 Rauparaha, Te, of Ngati Toa, 32 Raurimu kainga, 57, 75 Ra-Whiti,[...]the east, sun in the east), 85 red rocks, origin of, 64 refuge places, 79, 82 Remutaka (Rimutaka Range), Pl. 2, 54, 76, 77, 89, 102, 108 Retimana, Te, of Wairarapa, 99 Rewarewa, Te (Porirua North[...]
	[...]Rosanna, sailing ship, 101 rota hawai (blending of swamp and lagoon), 61, 78 Roto-kura lagoon, 61, 78 routes, early knowledge of North Island, 8 Royal New Zealand Air Force, see[...]ert, 76 Stowell, Henry (Hare Hongi), 37, 68 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA successive inhabitants of Wellington area, 8-9, 87—8 swamps, 21, 42, 58[...]pakupaku point, 79, Pl. 8b Taita, 45 Taita bend of Hutt River, 79 taita (drift timber obstructing r[...]tream), Pl. 1, 33, 56, 81, 94, 102, 108 Takatua, of Ngati-Ira, 67 tatggata-whenua, 47, 48 tangi (a[...]1, Pl. 3a, 64, 82, P1. 7b Tapu-te-rangi pa, 82 Tara, 7, 14, 39, 43, 58 (genealogy), 70 (genealogy), 1[...]hill, 25, 28, 84, 102 Taringa-kuri (Te Kaeaea), of Ngati- Tama, 25,37, 92, 105 Tatau-o-te-po[...]
	[...]wa hill-ridge, 23, 57, 85 tawham (edible ﬂower of kiekie, Frey- cinetia Banksii), 30 Taylor, N. H.[...]5, 108 Terawhiti Hill, 52, 108 Terawhiti, range of spellings of name, 85 Terrace Gaol, old, 69 terraces, pa, 67[...]48 Tini-o-Toi, Te, people, 7 tino (precise spot of location), 79, 93 Tiotio, of Ngai-Tahu, 39 Tirangi Road, 73 Titi—o-kura sa[...]58, 67, 71,91,103 traditional knowledge, method of transmission of, 9 Tregear, E., 57 Trentham, 40, 104, 105 trib[...]a, Te, 88 tuahiwi (shoal ridge), 88 Tuahu-riri, of Ngati-Ira, 39 Tuara—whati—o-Te Mana, Te, str[...]Ure-o—Kupe, Te, rock, 13 ureure (edible fruit of kiekie, Frey- cinetia Banksii, 3o Uruhau, Te, pa[...]a (karaka grove), 27, 84 Urupa Te Puni, 92 Vale of Para, 61, Pl. 5 Victoria, Mt, Pl. I, Pl. 2[...]
	[...]e, 67 Victoria University, 36, 69 vocative form of name, 17 Vogeltown suburb, 36, 52, 85, 90, 92, 1[...], 87 Wai—tangi stream and lagoon, 97, 102 THE GREAT HARBOUR OF TARA Wai-titi, 97 Wai-tohi stream, Pl. 1, 48, 64, 97[...]a (whale), 91 Wellington College, 21 Wellington Harbour, 99, 102, 108 Wellington Harbour, former shore- line of, 25, 53,97, Maps IV, V Wellington Head, 88 Well[...]Wellington Terrace, 34 Wera, Te, 99 Wera, Te, of Ngati-Mutunga, slain, 99 Whakahikuwai stream (1), 99 Whakahikuwai stream (2), 100 Whanga-nui-a-Tara, Te (Wellington— Harbour), Pl. 1, Pl. 2, 47, 100, 102, 108 Whanga-nui-o-Orotu, Te (Welling— ton Harbour), 21, 101, 102, 108 Whanganui River, 13[...]
	[...], 81, 104, Pl. 821 wharehui (meeting house, house of whet” (star), 104 assembly), 84 wlzio (blue duc[...]rekura house, 82 corhynchus), 104 Wharepouri, Te, of Te Ati-Awa, 48, Whio-rau (Lowry Bay), Pl. I, 47, 67 102, 107 whare sites, survival of, 26, 53, 63, 92 Whirinaki, 104, 105 Whata-ahiahi, 103 whim (ﬁrst day of the lunar month, Whataitai (a talliwlm), 14, 46,[...]4 Whatu-mamoe, 47 Wilson, G. B., 76 Wheke-nui-a—Tara, Te (Wellington Wilton Bush, 25, 34 Harbour), 101, 108 Wireless Station Hill, 56 tlzlz[...]
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The Great Harbour of Tara: traditional Maori place names and sites of Wellington Harbour and environs
[...]f="/nodes/view/4057#idx6862">pages 126 to 132</a> of this digitised version were originally printed ov[...]As the book was published before the introduction of the metric system in New Zealand, the heights of all hills are recorded in feet.</p>

The Great Harbour of Tara

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